PERU PERUGIA. 



491 



Still the natives were subject to enormities of the 

 most atrocious character, as long as the first mur- 

 dering and robbing conquerors survived; and, for a 

 long series of generations afterwards, to the most 

 arbitrary and oppressive acts of a cruel government. 

 The timid and unwarlike Peruvians were repeatedly 

 driven to rebel against their hard masters; one of the 

 most celebrated of these revolts was that headed by 

 Tupac Amaru, in 1780. (See Tupac Amaru.) In 

 1718, the province of Quito, which had previously 

 formed a part of the viceroyalty of Peru, was an- 

 nexed to New Grenada; and, in 1778, the provinces 

 of Upper Peru (see Bolivia) were attached to the 

 government of Buenos Ayres. On the invasion of 

 the Spanish peninsula by the French, in 1808, the 

 first symptoms of revolt began to show themselves 

 in Peru, as in the other Spanish-American colonies; 

 but the Spaniards were powerful enough to repress 

 this spirit until 1821, when general San Martin, at 

 the head of a Chilean force (see Chile), obtained 

 possession of Lima, and the independence of Peru 

 was declared (July 15). August 3d, general San 

 Martin was declared protector of the new republic, 

 with the supreme power, civil and military. Callao 

 capitulated September 19. The Spanish generals, 

 La Serna and Canterac, retreated to the mountains, 

 and kept possession of Cusco. In March, 1822, 

 the protector assembled a Peruvian congress at 

 Lima, composed principally of his partisans, which 

 drew up the plan of a constitution: it provided that 

 the Catholic religion should be the religion of the 

 state; that the legislative authority should be vested 

 in the representatives of the people; that the free- 

 dom of the press, and the liberty of person and 

 property, should be secured ; the abolition of the 

 slave-trade, of the tribute exacted from the Indians, 

 and of the compulsory labour to which they had 

 been subject, was provided for ; a senate was to 

 nominate to the executive authorities the civil and 

 ecclesiastical officers, and, in extraordinary cases, 

 convoke a congress. Much dissatisfaction was pro- 

 duced by this plan, as being too monarchical in its 

 principles. In 1823, San Martin retired, and Lamar 

 was placed at the head of the government, the 

 marquis of Torretagle being governor of the capital. 

 Meanwhile La Serna had maintained himself, and 

 collected new forces in Upper Peru, and defeated 

 the republican troops at Moquegna, January 20, 

 1823. But the divisions of the Spanish commanders, 

 La Serna, Valdez, Canterac, and Olaneta, saved 

 Peru. Riva-Aguero, who had assumed the presi- 

 dency, called on the Colombians for assistance. 

 General Sucre was despatched to the aid of the 

 Peruvians ; he compelled Canterac to evacuate 

 Lima, which had fallen into his hands, and advanced 

 to Upper Peru, while Bolivar entered Lima, and 

 received the title of libertador, with supreme military 

 power. Bolivar obliged Riva-Aguero (who had still 

 continued to exercise his authority in Truxillo) to 

 surrender and leave the country, and, in November, 

 the Peruvian congress adopted a constitution on the 

 model of that of the United States of North America, 

 which was not to have effect until the expiration of 

 Bolivar's dictatorship. La Serna had, meanwhile, 

 collected a large army in Upper Peru, but was pre- 

 vented from attempting any thing against the patri- 

 ots, by the opposition of Olaneta, who was at the 

 head of the absolutists, while La Serna had declared 

 himself a constitutionalist. Torretagle, who had 

 been declared president of the republic, was at the 

 head of a party, which was working in secret against 

 the influence of the liberator. Whilst things were 

 in this state, the garrison of Callao (February 5, 

 1824,) hoisted Spanish colours, and opened the for- 

 tress to the Spanish ships of war which were block- 



ading the harbour. In this emergency, congress 

 conferred unlimited civil and military power on the 

 dictator, who evacuated Lima on the 27th. Can- 

 terac entered the capital on the 29th, and Torretagle 

 now joined the royalists. The war between the 

 royalists was again renewed, and was again the 

 means of saving Peru. Bolivar, having artfully 

 drawn Canterac into the plains of Junin, gained 

 some advantages over him on the 6th of August, and 

 compelled the royalists to evacuate Lima; general 

 Rodil, however, threw himself into Callao. After 

 the patriots had suffered several disasters, Sucre fell 

 back into an advantageous position at Ayacucho, and 

 determined to await the enemy. December 9, 

 1824, the patriots, 5780 strong, were attacked by a 

 royalist force of 9310, and gained a complete vic- 

 tory. La Serna and Valdez were made prisoners, 

 and Canterac signed a capitulation on the field, by 

 which it was stipulated that the royalist forces should 

 lay down their arms, and evacuate the whole of the 

 country to the Desaguadero. The battle of Ayacu- 

 cho was decisive of the fate of South America. 

 General Rodil refused to surrender Callao, and that 

 fortress held out till January 22, 1826, when it was 

 reduced by famine. Olaneta still maintained him- 

 self, for a time, in Upper Peru, but, in 1825, was 

 totally routed by general Sucre. Of the events 

 which followed in Peru, the suspicious conduct of 

 Bolivar, and the constitution which he attempted 

 to force upon the country, we have given an ac- 

 count in the articles Bolivar and Bolivia. The 

 general disaffection and suspicion which had been 

 excited among the patriots of Peru, resulted in the 

 revolution of January, 1827, which was effected 

 by the co-operation of the Colombian troops left in 

 Peru, who were unwilling to serve as the instru- 

 ments of imposing a yoke on their Peruvian allies, 

 and were fearful of the designs of Bolivar on the 

 liberties of their own country. The Bolivian consti- 

 tution was abolished, and the congress, which con- 

 vened in May, declared the Peruvian constitution of 

 1823 to be in force, and chose general Lamar presi- 

 dent of the republic. April 19, 1828, a new consti- 

 tution was adopted, to be in force until 1833, when 

 a general convention was to be summoned to revise 

 and amend it. In June, the Bolivians (who were 

 equally disgusted with the code which had been im- 

 posed on them by Bolivar) requested aid from the 

 Peruvians, to enable them to throw off the yoke ; 

 and colonel Gamarra was despatched, at the head of 

 a Peruvian army, to their assistance. He deposed 

 Sucre, who had been chosen president for life. (See 

 Bolivia.) These measures were followed by a de- 

 claration of war against Peru by Bolivar. Lamar 

 accordingly entered the Colombian territory at the 

 head of a large force, but was defeated, February 

 29, 1829, by general Sucre at Tarqui. The imbeci- 

 lity which Lamar manifested on this occasion, gave 

 rise to a conspiracy against him, and he was deposed 

 by general La Fuente, June 29. August 31. the 

 congress met, and chose general Gamarra president. 

 The hostilities with Colombia were terminated by the 

 treaty of September 22, 1829. See Hall's Journal 

 written on the Coasts of Chile, Peru, and Mexico ; 

 Stevenson's Twenty Years' Residence in South 

 America (London, 1835, 3 vols.) ; American Annual 

 Register (vols. 1, 2, and 3). 



PERUGIA ; a delegation or province of Italy, in 

 the States of the Church, including the ci -devant 

 Perugino, watered by the Tiber and the lake of 

 Perugia ; population, 163,000. 



PERUGIA (anciently Perusia, and Perusium} ; a 

 city of Italy, capital of a delegation in the States of 

 the Church, twenty-seven miles north-north-west of 

 Spoleto, sixty south- east of Florence, seventy-two 



