PHALANX PHARMACY. 



505 



take his father's place in the chariot of the sun, and 

 would not be denied. But he had scarcely mounted 

 the flaming car, and taken the reins, when the celes- 

 tial horses, despising their weak driver, turned out 

 of the path, and set every thing on fire. The Ethi- 

 opians, on the left, were blackened by the near 

 approach of the sun ; and, when the chariot was 

 drawn over the earth to the right, Jupiter, with his 

 bolts, plunged the thoughtless charioteer into the 

 river Po. His sisters found him there lifeless, and 

 lamented him. The god of the sun was also called 

 Phaeton (the enlightener). In modern times this 

 name is given to a sort of high, light, open carriage. 



PHALANX ; a body of troops among the Greeks, 

 armed with long spears, and arranged in the form 

 of a square. The momentum of their onset usually 

 decided the battle. The phalanx at first consisted 

 of 4000 men, but was afterwards doubled, and even 

 quadrupled. It was first doubled by Philip of Ma- 

 cedon, and the double phalanx is hence often called 

 the Macedonian phalanx. The phalanx was com- 

 monly sixteen deep, and the men were drawn up 

 shield to shield ; the rear ranks, which could not 

 reach the enemy with their spears, held them upon 

 the shoulders of those before them, and thus formed 

 a sort of wall to stop the progress of the missiles of 

 the enemy. The phalanx is much celebrated in the 

 history of ancient wars, on account of its invincible- 

 ness. 



PHALARIS. This prince, notorious for his cru- 

 elty, was a native of Astypalea, in Crete. On his 

 banishment from that place, he went to Sicily, where 

 he made himself master of Agrigentum, about B: C. 

 571, and sought to maintain his power by cruelty and 

 severity. The most famous instance of his cruelty 

 was the barbarous punislunent of the brazen bull 

 prepared by Perillus of Athens. The victim was 

 shut up in the body of the bull, and roasted slowly 

 by a fire underneath. The screams of pain uttered 

 by the unhappy man were made, by some machinery, 

 to resemble the lowing of a bull. Phalaris caused 

 the first experiment to be tried on the inventor. 

 After a reign of about sixteen years, he was killed 

 during a rebellion. The letters which bear the name 

 of Phalaris have been fully proved to be spurious 

 by Bentley, in his celebrated controversy with Boyle. 

 The latest edition is that by Lennep (Groningen, 

 1777, 2vols., 4to). 



PHALAROPE (phalaropus.) A genus of shore 

 birds, belonging to the family longirostres , Cuvier. 

 They live in small flocks on the sea-coasts,sometimes, 

 but rarely in fresh-water lakes ; feed on aquatic in- 

 sects and molluscous animals. The female builds on 

 the shore among the grass, laying from four to six 

 eggs. Both sexes incubate, and attend on the 

 young, which leave the nest, run about, and swim, 

 soon after they are hatched. These birds fly well, 

 and swim expertly, resisting the heaviest waves, but 

 never dive. Their flesh is oily and unpalatable. 

 They inhabit far north, migrating in the autumn and 

 winter to the temperate regions of both continents. 

 There are but three species as yet known, which 

 have been placed by authors in different families, and 

 even orders. C. Bonaparte has thus arranged them : 

 Sub-genus, phalaropus, P.fulicarius (red phalarope). 

 This is the P. hyperboreus of Wilson ; blackish, 

 varied with ferruginous ; beneath rufous ; winter- 

 dress cinereous, beneath white ; inhabits both conti- 

 nents. Sub-genus, lobipes, P. hyperboreits (northern 

 phalarope). Inhabits both continents ; common in 

 the Hebrides. It is black, varied with rufous, be- 

 neath white, sides of the neck bright rufous ; winter 

 plumage cinereous, beneath white. Sub-genus holo- 

 podius, P. jyilsonii (gray phalarope,) This is the 

 P. lolatus of Wilson ; bluish gray, beneath white, 



with a chestnut patch and a black band on each side 

 of the neck ; summer plumage unknown ; inhabits 

 the north of America, migrating in winter as far 

 south as the coast of Mexico. 



PHAMENOPHIS. See Memnon. 



PHANAR. See Fanariots. 



PHANTASM. See Spectre. 



PHANTASMAGORIA. See Lantern. 



PHANTASOS. See Morpheus. 



PHAON. See Sappho. 



PHARAOH. See Egypt. 



PHARISEES ; the members of a sect among the 

 Jews, which seems to have arisen in the time of the 

 Maccabees. Besides the books of Moses, they held 

 a multitude of doctrines and traditions, supposed to 

 have been received orally from that lawgiver, with 

 the annotations of later teachers after the captivity. 

 These traditions they thought themselves obliged to 

 observe as strictly as the laws of Moses. They 

 were distinguished from the Sadducees by their zeal 

 for their traditions, and their belief in the resurrec- 

 tion of the dead. Their ambition, and the narrow- 

 ness of their religious views, made them hypocrites 

 With a lax morality, they thought to obtain the 

 favour of the Supreme Being by external holiness 

 and ascetic expiations ; and they sought to gain the 

 good opinion of men by a high tone of justice and 

 piety. The Pharisees numbered in their ranks the 

 most distinguished lawyers and statesmen in Judea ; 

 and, as persons of all conditions, not excluding 

 females, were admitted into their society, they gain- 

 ed a political influence which often decided the fate 

 of the Jewish nation under the Maccabees and 

 Asmonaeans, and brought into their hands the power 

 which had been left to the great council by the 

 Romans in the time of Christ. The doctrines of the 

 Pharisees have prevailed in the religion of the 

 modern Jews, and in the Talmud. The term Phari- 

 see is also applied to a person whose character re- 

 sembles that of the Pharisees of the New Testament. 



PHARMACOL1TE. See Lime. 



PHARMACOPOEIA (from <f>a^ta*v, medicine, and 

 foitta, to make) ; the same as dispensatory, (q. v.) 



PHARMACY, PHARMACEUTICS (p^*, 

 drug) ; the art of preserving, preparing, compound- 

 ing and combining substances for medical purposes ; 

 the art of the apothecary. As these substances may 

 be mineral, vegetable or animal, theoretical phar- 

 macy requires a knowledge of botany, zoology and 

 mineralogy, and, as it is necessary to determine their 

 properties, and the laws of their composition and de- 

 composition, of chemistry also. In a narrower sense, 

 pharmacy is merely the art of compounding and mix- 

 ing drugs according to the prescription of the phy- 

 sician. These processes and substances have been 

 described under their appropriate heads. (See the 

 separate articles.) The preparation of medicines was 

 at first performed by the physicians themselves, who 

 also administered them to their patients ; and it first 

 became a distinct branch of medical science at 

 Alexandria, towards the beginning of the fourth cen- 

 tury B. C. (see Medicine) when some physicians de- 

 voted themselves solely to it. Afterwards it be- 

 came the employment of particular individuals (rhiz- 

 otomists, simplers), and the medical science and the 

 apothecary's art thus became separated from each 

 other. Mantias, a pupil of Herophilus, in Alexan- 

 dria, seems to have been the author of the first phar- 

 macopoeia, having published a work on the prepara- 

 tion of medicines. Zeno of Laodicea distinguished 

 himself by the invention of a large number of com- 

 pound medicines. Princes also studied the medical 

 sciences, particularly in reference to the preparation 

 of poisons and antidotes. Thus Attalus, last king 

 of Pergnmus (B. C. 134), was noted for his medical 



