510 



PHILADELPIIISTS PHILIP. 



north of the north line. They are beautiful and 

 MiMantial structures. The whole length of that on 

 Markrt strtvt, including abutments and wing walls, 

 is 1300 feet, of which the wooden platform, between 

 the abutments, is in length 550 feet. The total cost 

 of this bridge was 235,000 dollars, besides which 

 die company paid 40,000 dollars for the purchase of 

 the site. The Fairmount bridge consists of a single 

 arch, of 340 feet, four inches' span, resting on abut- 

 ments of stone. This bridge was erected in 1813, 

 and the total cost was 150,000 dollars. 



The public markets constitute a prominent feature. 

 That along the High street is nearly two-thirds of 

 a mile in extent. There are two shot-towers within 

 the city, one of which was the first erected in the 

 United States. The harbour of Philadelphia, from 

 the peculiar features of the Delaware river, is more 

 liable to be impeded by ice than that of New York 

 or Baltimore ; but, independent of that circumstance, 

 it possesses, perhaps, as many natural advantages as 

 either of the others. The Delaware is not navigable 

 to this city for ships of the line of the first class. 

 The arrivals at the port of Philadelphia, in 1829, 

 were 374 vessels from foreign ports, and 2210 coast- 

 wise ; in 1830, 415 foreign, and 3287 coastwise; in 

 1831, 396 foreign, and 3206 coastwise. The aggre- 

 gate tonnage of the shipping of Philadelphia, on the 

 31st of December, 1828, was (permanent and tem- 

 porary) 104,080 tons. The -vessels built in 1829 

 amounted to 3524 tons ; in 1830, to 2590, and, in 

 1831, to 3525 tons. The inspection of wheat flour, 

 in 1830, was 473,870 barrels. By the will of the 

 late Stephen Girard, Philadelphia has received a 

 munificent donation, amounting to several million 

 dollars, devoted to important public objects. 



PHILADELPHISTS. Seethe end of the article 

 Boehme. 



PHIL^I, or JEZIRET EL BIRBA (i. e. Temple 

 island) ; a small island of the Nile, on the borders of 

 Nubia and Egypt; lat. 24 1'; five miles south of 

 Essouan or Syene. It contains the remains of some 

 remarkable monuments of the ancient Egyptians, 

 among which are four temples, an avenue of majestic 

 columns, several obelisks, a monolithic temple, &c. 

 The whole island is, in fact, covered with temples, 

 in the largest groups, and in the highest state of 

 preservation of any in Egypt. See the great French 

 work, Description de I Egypte, Antiquites \. ; or 

 Bnrkhardt's Nubia. 



PHILANTHROPINISM. See Schools. 



PHILEMON and BAUCIS ; a pair celebrated^ 

 ancient Greece for their faithful affection even in 

 advanced age. Fable (Ovid's Metam. viii.) relates 

 the following story concerning them. Jupiter and 

 Mercury, travelling through Phrygia, in a human 

 form, found no one willing to entertain them except 

 this aged couple, who received them hospitably, 

 washed their feet, set before them a rustic meal, 

 and prepared a couch for their repose. The deities 

 then took their hosts to a neighbouring mountain, 

 and when they looked behind them, they saw their 

 village sunk beneath the waves ; but the cottage in 

 which they had welcomed the pilgrims, had become 

 a magnificent temple. Jupiter promised also to 

 fulfil all their wishes ; but they only asked that they 

 might die together as servants in that temple. At 

 length, at a very advanced age, as they sat at the 

 temple door, they were at once transformed, Philemon 

 into an oak, and Baucis into a linden. They were 

 conscious of their change, which came gradually 

 upon them, and while they were able to see and 

 speak, they took the most affectionate leave of each 

 other. The trees were considered sacred, and long 

 remained before the temple. 



PHILEMON OF ATHENS, a Greek poet, con- 



temporary with Menandrr, to whom only he was 

 considered as second in dramatic composition. A 

 few fragments of his writings have come down to us, 

 which were originally collected by Hugo Grotius. 

 Cumberland has printed an English translation. The 

 time of his birth has been assigned to B. C. 373 ; and 

 he is said to have died through excessive laughter 

 seeing an ass eat figs from a countryman's basket, 

 B. C. 274. 



PHILIDOR, ANDREW, a musician of Dreux, of 

 some reputation in his profession, but f<>r more cele- 

 brated as the best chess-player of his age, was bom 

 in France, in 1726, and became a page in the band 

 of the king, where he made so great a proficiency, 

 that he composed a successful mottet, with full 

 choruses, before his twelfth year. As he grew up, 

 his fondness for the game of chess increased into a 

 passion, in order to indulge which, he travelled over 

 great part of Europe, engaging every where with 

 the best players. He continued in England some 

 time, during which he printed his Analysis of Chess 

 a book which has since gone through numerous 

 editions, and is considered a standard work. On his 

 return to France, he devoted his attention to the 

 comic opera, of which, with Monsigny and Duni, he 

 may be considered the reviver. There are twenty- 

 one operatic pieces of his composition, of which Le 

 Marfchal, produced in 1761, ran more than a hundred 

 nights. Philidor afterwards returned to England, 

 and, in 1 779, set the Carmen Seculare, esteemed the 

 best of his works. His death took place in 1795, in 

 London, where he was very generally esteemed for 

 his integrity and suavity of manners. A short time 

 previous to his decease, he played two games of 

 chess at the same time, blindfold, against two of the 

 most distinguished amateurs, one of which he won ; 

 the other was a drawn game. 



PHILIP, king of Macedon, father of Alexander 

 the Great, flourished in the middle of the fourth 

 century before the Christian era. He went to The- 

 bes as a hostage, when he was very young, and re- 

 ceived an excellent education in the house of the 

 celebrated Epaminondas. At the age of twenty-two, 

 B. C. 361, he ascended the throne of Macedonia, 

 which he found tottering and surrounded by numer- 

 ous enemies. His genius soon succeeded in establish- 

 ing it, and raising it to a pitch of greatness which it 

 had never before attained. He freed himself from 

 his enemies, partly by concessions, and partly by 

 force of arms. In a short time, he made war also 

 upon his peaceful neighbours ; and, encouraged by 

 his successes in Thessaly and Thrace, he sought 

 gradually to extend his dominion over all Greece. 

 The dissensions of the different states favoured his 

 designs. The subtle Philip well knew what use to 

 make of this division. When, therefore, he was 

 summoned to aid the Thebans against the Phocians 

 who had plundered the treasury of tho temple at 

 Delphi, he did not neglect this opportunity to carry 

 into effect his ambitious purposes. The subjugation 

 of the Phocians was very soon accomplished ; but 

 the treacherous conduct of Philip towards his allies 

 opened the eyes of the Greeks ; several states formed 

 a league with the Athenians to oppose him, while 

 others condescended to use the most disgraceful flat- 

 tery towards the artful conqueror. A wound which 

 he received on his return from a campaign against 

 the Scythians, delayed the blow which was to pros- 

 trate the liberty of Greece, till, at last, the great 

 victory at Cheronsea (B. C. 338) decided its fate. 

 Philip assembled at Corinth the deputies of all the 

 Grecian states, and dictated the terms of peace, 

 which deprived them of freedom. When he was on 

 the point of causing himself to be chosen commander- 

 in-chief of the army which was to march against the 



