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PHILIP HI. PHILIPPINES. 



Countries, and seven of the provinces had declared 

 themselves iiuleiiendent. 



Itcvcrses and disease, at length, broke Philip's 

 spirit; he became desirous of restoring tranquillity 

 to his dominions, and concluded the treaty of Ver- 

 vins with France. He died the next year, Septem- 

 ber 13, 1598. The gout, dropsy, and a violent fever, 

 had afflicted him the two last years of his life; but 

 he retained his senses and his activity to the last. 

 Sores on his breast and knees, the consequence of 

 his early debaucheries, disturbed his last days, and 

 from thfir corrupt matter issued swarms of lice, 

 which the physicians were unable to destroy. He 

 bore his sufferings with great firmness, and puncti- 

 liously observed all the rites of the Catholic church. 

 Philip was a prince of considerable capacity, and he 

 entered with facility into the details of affairs. His 

 pomp, generosity, activity, and just administration, 

 when it did not interfere with his own private plans, 

 made a strong impression on the minds of men ; but 

 his boundless ambition, his severity, and his gloomy 

 superstition, made his reign a period of war and of 

 bad passions, and exhausted the immense resources 

 of his empire. Among his instruments was poison, 

 whicli he familiarly called his requiescat in pace (rest 

 in peace.) With his reign began the decline of the 

 Spanish monarchy. His Life by Cumpnna is a 

 panegyric on his character. Different views will be 

 found in the Elistory of the Reign of Philip II., by 

 Watson, and in Dumesnil's Histoire de Philippe II. 

 (1 vol., 8vo, Paris, 1822.) 



PHILIP III., IV., and V., of Spain. See Spain. 



PHILIP II., AUGUSTUS, king of France, born 

 1165, ascended the throne on the death of his father, 

 Louis VII., 1180. One of his first measures was 

 the banishment of the Jews from the kingdom, and 

 the confiscation of their property. This was done 

 under pretence of their being guilty of various 

 crimes ; but the real purpose of the measure was to 

 get possession of their wealth. Philip next endea- 

 voured to repress the tyranny and rapacity of the 

 nobles, which he effected partly by art, and partly 

 by force. In 1190, he embarked at Genoa on a cru- 

 sade to the Holy Land, where he met Richard Coeur 

 de Lion (see Richard /.,) who was engaged in the 

 same cause in Sicily. (See Crusades.) The jea- 

 lousies and disputes which divided the two kings 

 induced Philip to return home the next year ; and 

 he took advantage of Richard's imprisonment in 

 Austria, to seize some of the English fiefs in Nor- 

 mandy. (See John.) This enterprise was in direct 

 violation of the oath by which the two princes had 

 mutually bound themselves to attempt nothing against 

 each other's dominions during the continuance of the 

 crusade ; and, on Richard's delivery, he commenced 

 a war against Philip, which continued till the death 

 of the former in 1199. Philip, on his return from 

 the Holy Land, had married Ingelburga, sister of the 

 king of Denmark ; but, having taken some disgust 

 at her, he finally procured from his bishops a di- 

 vorce, under pretence of consanguinity, and married 

 Agnes, daughter of the duke of MeVan. On the 

 complaint of the king of Denmark, the pope de- 

 clared this marriage null ; and, on Philip's refusing 

 to receive Ingelburga, pronounced the interdict 

 against France.* The king was therefore obliged 

 to yield, and restore her the honours of a wife and 

 queen. (See Innocent III.) In his subsequent wars 

 with John (of which an account is given in the ar- 

 ticle John), Philip conquered all Normandy, Tou- 

 raine, Anjou, and Maine, so that, of all the British 



* Agnes de M6ran died of grief, t Poissy, in 1201, the year 

 in which she was repudiated. The pope legitimated her two 

 children by Philip, as she was authorized to consider the king I 

 free when she married him. i 



possessions in France, Guienne alone remnincd. 

 I'hilip also took part in the crusade against the 

 Albigenses (q. v.), ami died in 1223, after a reign of 

 forty-three years. This prince was an able general 

 and sovereign ; he extended the boundaries of the 

 kingdom, and first raised the royal authority from 

 its dependence on the great vassals. He improved 

 the military organization of his realm, founded use- 

 ful institutions, constructed roads, and favoured 

 learning. See France. 



PHILIP IV., V., and VI., of France. See 

 France. 



PHILIP THE BOLD. See Burgiindians. 



PHILIP THE GOOD. See Burgiindians. 



PHILIP, KING, sachem of Pokanoket, was the 

 youngest son of Massasoit, and succeeded his bro- 

 ther, Alexander, in 1657. In 1662, he renewed the 

 friendship which had subsisted with the British, and 

 engaged not to dispose of any lands without their 

 knowledge or appointment. In 1675, however, he 

 commenced a desolating war, in order to arrest the 

 progress of the whites, foreseeing, as lie did, the loss 

 of his territory, and the extinction of his tribe, in the 

 increase of their settlements. After prosecuting 

 hostilities with great energy and heroism, and in- 

 flicting considerable mischief, he was killed in a 

 swamp, August 12, 1676, when endeavouring to 

 escape from captain Church. 



PHILIPPI ; a town on the borders of Thrace and 

 Macedonia, where two battles were fought (B. C. 

 42) between the republicans under Brutus and Cas- 

 sius, and the friends of Antony and Octavius, in 

 which the former were defeated. (See Antonius and 

 Brutus.) The Epistle of Paul to the Philippians 

 was written to the church which that apostle founded 

 at Philippi. 



PHILIPPICS; the orations of Demosthenes against 

 Philip, king of Macedon. (See Demosthenes.) 

 Cicero applied this name to his invectives against 

 Antony, and it has hence come to signify an invec- 

 tive in general. 



PHILIPPINES ; a group of islands in the Pacific 

 ocean, 1200 in number (lat. 4 22' N., Ion. 116 

 128 E.), extending about 450 leagues from north to 

 south, and about 280 in its greatest breadth. The 

 principal islands are Lugon (q. v.), Mindanao (q. v.), 

 Palaouan, Mindoro, &c. The capital of the Spanish 

 possessions is Manilla, (q. v.) The population of the 

 group is estimated at about two and a half millions, 

 of whom 7000 are Chinese, 4000 whites (Spaniards), 

 1 18,000 mestizos, and the rest natives. Of the latter 

 there are two distinct races, the Papuas, or negroes, 

 who live principally in the interior, and seem to have 

 been the primitive inhabitants, and the Malays, who 

 dwell nearer the coasts. (See Malays.) The Philip- 

 pines were discovered, in 1521, by Magellan, and 

 received their present name in honour of Philip II., 

 king of Spain. The first settlements were made by 

 the Spaniards in 1570. In 1823. the Creoles and 

 mestizos made an attempt to obtain a liberal govern- 

 ment, but the insurrection was put down by the 

 Spaniards, who employed in this service a force 

 formed of the converted natives. The face of the 

 country is mountainous, and there are numerous 

 volcanoes in the different islands, whose eruptions 

 have repeatedly caused great ravages. The climate 

 is various, but the heat is never excessive. Violent 

 rains, hurricanes, and earthquakes, often do much 

 mischief. The soil is not less various, but, in gen- 

 eral, is fertile. Rice, coffee, sugar, cocoas, tobacco, 

 indigo, and a great variety of pulse, with many sorts 

 of tropical fruits, ebony, sandal wood, dye woods, 

 &c., are among the vegetable productions. Gold, 

 silver, and sulphur, are among the minerals. The 

 domestic animals of Europe thrive here. The trad 



