574 



PIUS VIII. PIZZICATO. 



dinal and bishop of Imola. By the peace of Toleii- 

 tino, he became a citizen of the Cisalpine republic, 

 an,] displayed an inclination to republican principles. 

 It appears to have been under French influence lhat 

 he was chosen to fill the papal chair, March 14, 1800, 

 after which his notions underwent a total change. 

 His domestic administration was conducted with a 

 rigorous economy and a wise policy in the encourage- 

 ment of commerce and manufactures. In 1801, he 

 concluded a concordate with France; in 1804, re- 

 vived the order of Jesuits in Sicily, but was obliged 

 to consent to the sale of the church lands by the 

 Spanish court. Pius, desirous of saving the wreck 

 of the papal power, complied with the invitation of 

 Napoleon to be present at the coronation ; but he 

 was treated with little respect, either by the Pari- 

 sians or by the emperor, who crowned himself and 

 the empress with his own hands. The pope, finding 

 that he was to expect no favours, refused to appear 

 at the coronation in Milan, and was received by his 

 subjects, on his return, (April 4, 1805.) with loud 

 expressions of dissatisfaction. The reforms of Jo- 

 seph in Naples, and the secularizations in Germany, 

 were new sources of mortification, and, having of- 

 fended Napoleon by refusing to recognize his brother 

 Joseph as king of Naples, and to shut his ports 

 against English ships, he was obliged to witness the 

 occupation of Rome by French troops (February 2, 

 1808). The papal cities were incorporated with the 

 kingdom of Italy, and the firm resistance of Pius to 

 these aggressions, and his threat of excommunicat- 

 ing the emperor, could not prevent Rome from 

 sharing the same fate (May 17, 1809). June 10 and 

 11, the pope issued two bulls of excommunication 

 against all violators of the papal territory. July 6, 

 he was arrested in his chamber by French troops, 

 and, on refusing to renounce all claims to temporal 

 power, conducted to Florence, and thence to Sa- 

 vona. In his confinement, he rejected with firmness 

 the offers of Napoleon, and refused to confirm the 

 bishops appointed by the latter. In 1812, he was 

 removed to Fontainebleau, where Napoleon obliged 

 him to accede to a new convention (Jan. 23, 1813), 

 by which he promised to confirm the bishops ; but 

 the emperor having, contrary to agreement, pro- 

 claimed the concordate before its completion, Pius, 

 whose consent had been entirely conditional, refused 

 to concur in any concordate that should not settle all 

 disputed points. He was therefore treated as a 

 prisoner ; but it is not true that he was personally 

 abused by Napoleon. In 1814, the pope was released 

 and restored to the possession of all the papal terri- 

 tories except Avignon and Venaissin in France, and 

 a narrow strip of land beyond the t'o. Although 

 attached to the old hierarchal policy, as appears from 

 his bulls and briefs against the distribution of the 

 Bible, against Catholic Switzerland, &c., yet none 

 of his plans for restoring the old state of things, ex- 

 cept the revival of the Jesuits, August 7, 1814, were 

 successful. The concordates with France, Bavaria, 

 and the two Sicilies, and the convention with Prussia, 

 were, however, triumphs of the policy of the Roman 

 court. His administration, which was moderate and 

 wise, was much indebted for its character to cardinal 

 Consalvi, his intimate friend and minister. Rome 

 became again not only the refuge of fallen princes 

 and proscribed families, but the'seat of the fine arts. 

 Pius VII. died in consequence of a fall, July 6, 1823, 

 and was succeeded by Leo XII. In his exterior, he 

 was simple ; in disposition, devout, benevolent, and 

 mild. See Gaudet's Esquisses Historiqucs et Poli- 

 tiques sur Pie VII. (Paris, 1824); and the Storia di 

 Pontificato di Pio VII. (Venice, 1815). 



PIUS VIII. (FRANCIS XAVIERO CASTIGLIONE) was 

 born at Cingolia, a small town in the States of the 



Church, in 1759, of poor but respectable parents 

 He was early distinguished for his industry, talents, 

 and learning, and having entered the church young, 

 passed through all the orders of the hierarchy, hav- 

 ing been created cardinal by Pius VII., and March 

 31, 1829, unanimously elected pope by the conclave 

 of cardinals, on the death of Leo XII. Pius VIII. 

 died December, 1830, and was succeeded by Cle- 

 ment XVI. 



PIZARRO, FRANCISCO; the name of a celebrated 

 Spanish adventurer, one of the conquerors of the 

 new world. His origin and early habits were suffi- 

 ciently humble, he being the fruit of an illicit con- 

 nexion between a peasant girl and an hidalgo Oi 

 Truxillo, in the neighbourhood of which place he 

 first saw the light about the close of the fifteenth 

 century. Receiving neither support nor countenance 

 from his father, he was thrown entirely upon his 

 mother's resources, who, so far from being in cir- 

 cumstances to give him even an ordinary education, 

 employed him as a swineherd, and left him totally 

 illiterate. The spirit of adventure whicli at that 

 period pervaded Spain, induced him at length to quit 

 his inglorious occupation, and, in company with some 

 other soldiers of fortune, to seek an improvement of 

 his condition by a voyage of discovery towards the 

 newly found continent of America. In 1525. the 

 adventurers, over whom the enterprising disposition 

 and daring temper of Pizarro had gained him consi- 

 derable influence, sailed from Panama, Diego Alma- 

 gro, a person of as obscure an origin as himself, and 

 Hernandez Lucque, an ecclesiastic, being joined with 

 him in the command. The Spaniards arrived, after 

 experiencing several difficulties in Peru, where, tak- 

 ing advantage of a civil war then raging in that 

 country, they became the allies, and, eventually, the 

 enslavers, of Atahualpa, or Atabalipa, as he is vari- 

 ously called, the reigning inca. Treacherously seiz- 

 ing upon the person of the monarch, at a friendly 

 banquet to which they had invited him and his whole 

 court, they first compelled him to purchase, at an 

 enormous price, a temporary reprieve from a death 

 which they had determined he should eventually 

 undergo ; and, having succeeded in extorting from 

 him, it is said, a house full of the precious metals by 

 way of ransom, after a mock trial for a pretended 

 conspiracy, condemned him to be burnt, allowing him 

 to be first strangled, as a reward for becoming a 

 Christian. The news of their success brought a 

 considerable accession of strength from Europe to 

 the invaders ; and Pizarro, in order to consolidate 

 his empire, founded, in 1535, the city of Lima, which 

 he intended as the capital of his possessions ; but the 

 discord between the chiefs of the expedition, which 

 even a sense of their common danger had from the 

 beginning failed wholly to suppress, when this, their 

 sole bond of union, was withdrawn, broke out into 

 open violence, and, in the struggle which ensued, 

 Almagro, now in his seventy-fifth year, was defeated, 

 taken prisoner, and strangled, by Ferdinand Pizarro, 

 brother to the general . This catastrophe , which took 

 place in 1537, was avenged four years afterwards by 

 the son of the victim, and bearing the same nam j , 

 who, having organized a conspiracy against the de- 

 stroyers of his father, broke into the palace at Lima, 

 and, after an obstinate resistance, succeeded in de- 

 spatching Francisco Pizarro. It is impossible to 

 refuse to this adventurer the credit of considerable 

 military as well as political talent, though the one 

 was sullied by his extreme barbarity, the other by 

 his perfidy and heartless dissimulation. His assassi- 

 nation took place, June 26, 1541. See Atahualpa 

 and Peru. 



PIZZICATO, OR PIZZ. (Italian); an expression 

 particularly applicable to violin music, and implying 



