PRIMAGE PRIMOGENITURE. 



687 



kindled the war in La Vendee; the greatest part of 

 them emigrated, and published excommunications 

 and charges of heresy, particularly from England, 

 against those who had submitted to the new order 

 of things. The national convention opposed these 

 attacks by the most rigorous measures. Several 

 hundreds of the clergy, who refused to take the 

 oath, were murdered in the prisons of Paris, on 

 the 2nd and 3rd of September, 1792. The revo- 

 lutionary tribunal endeavoured to extirpate them 

 from the republic. Carrier drowned fifty-eight 

 at once, at Nantes; and a law was passed con- 

 demning them to deportation en masse. Even 

 those servants of religion who had submitted to 

 the civil constitution were not suffered to live in 

 peace ; religion itself had become hateful to politi- 

 cal fanaticism. This violence was carried so far, 

 that the constitutional bishop of Paris, John Baptist 

 Joseph Gobel, a man sixty-seven years of age, who 

 had been educated at Rome, and had been suffra- 

 gan of the bishop of Basle (since 1772), appeared 

 at the bar of the convention, acknowledged himself 

 an impostor, who had hitherto deceived the people 

 with doctrines which he did not believe himself, and 

 tore off the badges of his sacred office. He was 

 soon after guillotined. This madness, however, did 

 not long continue. Some constitutional bishops 

 obtained from the national convention, in 1794, the 

 declaration of freedom of conscience, and entered 

 into an association with their clerical brethren. The 

 consequence of this was the national councils of 

 1797 and 1801, the acts of which were printed ; and 

 their principles, founded on the constitution civile, 

 met with approbation from many foreign bishops, 

 particularly the Italian. Of the 40,000 parish 

 churches of France, 32,214 were again opened in 

 1796, and almost all were filled by priests who had 

 taken the oath (petres assermentes). The French 

 church was far advanced towards independence, 

 when the revolution of 1799, and the concordate of 

 1801, in which Napoleon sought to make the church 

 a support to his power, restored its old connexion 

 with Rome. The result showed how much Napo- 

 leon erred in this policy. 



PRIMAGE, is a small allowance made by the 

 shippers to the master of a freighting vessel, for 

 his care and trouble in respect to the cargo. It is 

 usually confounded with average (see Average) in 

 the bill of lading, and both are estimated at a cer- 

 tain rate per cent, on the amount of the freight. 



PRIMARY. See Ornithology. 



PRIMARY ROCKS. See Geology. 



PRIMATE (primus regni, head of the kingdom); 

 in the European states, the chief archbishop in the 

 state, and the first subject of the realm ; in the Ca- 

 tholic church, the primate is also perpetual legate 

 of the pope, and has a sort of spiritual jurisdiction 

 over the other archbishops. There are also pri- 

 mates of provinces. The archbishop of Toledo is 

 primate of Spain ; the archbishop of Braga is styled 

 primate of Portugal, although he is actually inferior 

 to the patriarch of Lisbon. In England, the arch- 

 bishop of Canterbury is styled primate of all Eng- 

 land, and the archbishop of York primate of Eng- 

 land. In the Protestant Irish church, the archbishop 

 of Armagh is primate of all Ireland; the archbishop 

 of Dublin, primate of Ireland ; the archbishop of 

 Cashel, primate of Munster, and the archbishop of 

 Tuam, primate of Connaught. In the German 

 empire, the archbishop of Salzburg was primate of 

 Germany. In France, the archbishop of Lyons is 

 primate of France ; that of Bourges, primate of 

 Aquitania, and that of Rheims, of Normandy. In 

 Hungary, the archbishop of Gran is primate; in 

 Poland, the archbishop of Gnesen 



PRIMATICC1O, FRANCESCO, a painter of the 

 Bolognese school, born at Bologna in 1490, received 

 his first instruction from Innocenzo da Innnola, and 

 completed his studies under Giulio Romano. In 

 connexion with several of the pupils of the latter, 

 he painted the Palazzo del Te, in Mantua (q. v.), 

 from G Julio's designs. Through the recommenda- 

 tion of Frederic, duke of Mantua, Primaticcio was 

 taken into the service of Francis I. of France, in 

 1531. His arrival and residence in France makes 

 an epoch in French art. To his influence were 

 owing, not only numerous paintings in fresco, and 

 works in stucco, which the king caused to be exe- 

 cuted, but several branches of painting, as, for in- 

 stance, enamel painting, and designs for tapestry, 

 were carried to great perfection through his exer- 

 tions. Francis sent him to Italy to purchase antique 

 statues, of which he made a respectable collection, 

 and caused numerous casts to be executed. On the 

 death of Rosso, the royal painter, Primaticcio suc- 

 ceeded him in his post, and Francis II. appointed 

 him superintendent of the royal buildings. He 

 furnished the designs of several architectural works, 

 among them of the tombs of Francis I. and Henry 

 II. His works at Fontainebleau, however, gained 

 him more reputation. He was assisted in his la- 

 bours by several of his countrymen, of whom Nic- 

 colo del Abbate was the most distinguished. Pri- 

 maticcio died in 1570. The works which he exe- 

 cuted in France are nobler and freer, in point of 

 design, than those which he executed in Giulio's 

 school. In his great works he often violated nature. 



PRIME MINISTER, OR PREMIER. See Min- 

 ister. 



PRIME NUMBERS are those which have no 

 divisors, or which cannot be divided into any num- 

 ber of equal integral parts, less than the number 

 of units of which they are composed ; such as 2, 3, 

 5, 7, 11, 13, 17, &c. These numbers have formed 

 a subject of investigation and inquiry from the 

 earliest date down to the present day ; and a rule 

 for finding them is still amongst the desiderata of 

 mathematicians. The method of finding 1 a prime 

 number beyond a certain limit, by a direct process, 

 is considered one of the most difficult problems in 

 the theory of numbers, which, like the quadrature 

 of the circle, the trisection of an angle, and the 

 duplication of the cube, have engaged the atten- 

 tion of many able mathematicians, but without ar- 

 riving at any satisfactory result. 



PRIME VERTICAL, is that vertical circle, or 

 azimuth, which is perpendicular to the meridian, 

 and passes through the east and west points of the 

 horizon. 



PRIME VERTICALS, in dialling, or PRIME 

 VERTICAL DIALS, are those that are projected 

 on the plane of the prime vertical circle, or on a 

 plane parallel to it. These are otherwise called 

 direct, erect, north, or south dials. 



PRIMER. Great primer, and long primer, are 

 different kinds of type. See Type. 



PRIMITIVE ROCKS. See Geology. 



PRIMOGENITURE. The right of primogeni- 

 ture in males seems anciently to have prevailed only 

 among the Jews. The first born in the patriarchal 

 ages had a superiority over his brethren, and in the 

 absence of the father, was priest of the family. 

 A mong the Jews, he had a double portion of the 

 inheritance ; in the same manner, as by the laws of 

 Henry I. in England, the eldest son had the capital 

 fee, or principal feud of his father's possessions, and 

 no other pre-eminence ; and as the eldest daughter 

 had the principal mansion when the estate descended 

 in coparcenary. The " insolent prerogative of 

 primogeniture/' as Gibbon denominates it, was un- 



