692 



HUNTING. 



in England. In the reign of Henry VII. and his 

 successor, English printers, we are told, had be- 

 come " so skilful, as to print books as well as any 

 beyond the seas." 



The art of printing is said to have been introduced 

 into Scotland shortly after Caxton's day by Flemish 

 priests, who fled thither to avoid the persecutions 

 at home. No book, however, is known to exist as 

 having been printed in Scotland before the year 

 1500. The first Scottish printers of whom we have 

 any authentic account, were, Walter Chapman, a 

 merchant in Edinburgh, and Andrew Millar, a 

 workman, who, in consequence of a patent from 

 James IV., established a press at Edinburgh, in 

 1507, that is, fully thirty years after Caxton had 

 settled in London. " In 1508," says Dr Irving, 

 " they are known to have printed various pamph- 

 lets, a collection of which may be found in the 

 Advocates' Library. The first volume of the Bre- 

 viarium Aberdonen&e issued from their press in 

 1509 ; the second in 1510. Of this very rare book 

 a complete and well-preserved copy belongs to the 

 library of the university of Edinburgh. The estab- 

 blishment of printing-presses in the other principal 

 towns of Scotland cannot be so easily traced. 

 Knox's " Faithful Admonition- unto the Professours 

 of God's Treuthe in England" was, if we may credit 

 the title-page, printed at Katykow or Kelso. This 

 work appeared in 1554. Aberdeen, the seat of a 

 university, could not boast of a printing-press till a 

 much later period. In the colophon of a poem 

 (1635) on the death of Bishop Forbes, Edward Ra- 

 ban styles himself " Master printer, the first in 

 Aberdene." About the same year (1635) we find 

 books printed in Glasgow. In 1536, Thomas 

 Davidson printed, " in the Fryere's Winde," Edin- 

 burgh, the Chronicles of Scotland by Boethius, and 

 in 1540, the works of Sir David Lindsay. Robert 

 Leprevig printed extensively both at Edinburgh and 

 St Andrews. Thomas Vautrollier was another old 

 Scottish printer, who brought out, in 1585, Calvin's 

 Institutes; in 1589, Tusser's Points of Good Hus- 

 bandry ; land in 1597, the Demonologie of King 

 James VI. 



In later days, Scotland has distinguished itself by 

 the extent and beauty of its typographical produc- 

 tions. Ruddinian, who flourished at Edinburgh 

 during the first half of the last century, was one of 

 the most learned printers which any country has 

 produced. The works which he edited and printed 

 are numerous, and they are all remarkable for their 

 accuracy. Edinburgh can boast of many other 

 typographers who have exerted themselves success- 

 fully in ennobling the art ; nor has Glasgow been 

 behind in this labour of love. In Urie, in Robert 

 and Andrew Foulis, in the Duncans, and others; 

 the latter city has produced printers whose works 

 are alike celebrated for their elegance and accuracy. 

 (See the article Glasgow?) 



It was long after the invention before printing 

 was introduced into Ireland. In 1551, the Common- 

 prayer was printed in Dublin, by Humfrey Powel 

 4to, black letter, and this is the earliest recorded 

 production of the Irish press. The College library 

 catalogue affords but one piece printed there so early 

 as even 1633. Indeed, until as far down as 1700, 

 very few books were printed in Ireland. Alderman 

 George Faulkner, who lived in the last century, may 

 be considered as the father of Irish typography. Al 

 the present day, the presses of Dublin and some ol 

 the provinces produce very neat work. 



Process of Lettsr Press Printing. In order to 

 give a full account of the process of letter-press print 

 ing, it would be necessary to begin with a descrip- 

 tion of the operation of Type founding, and this we 



would have done in the present article had it not 

 been, that original and valuable information 

 will be furnished on this important yet hitherto 

 ill treated of subject, under our article Type 

 Founding. It is sufficient for the reader at present 

 to know that every letter, point, and mark used in 

 printing is cast (with one or two exceptions) on .1 

 distinct body or stalk, and that for the use of the 

 printer numbers of these types are placed in boxes, 

 in order, in a case, in such a way that any letter or 

 point may be found with the greatest convenience. 



These cases are mounted on a stand or frame, so 

 that they may lie before the person who is to select 

 the types, and the little cells or boxes are so arranged 

 that those containing the types most frequently 

 used, shall be nearest to the workman. As will be 

 easily conceived, the sizes of the boxes are made 

 larger or smaller according as the types which they 

 contain are more or less frequently required. 



The types consist of the letters of the alphabet, 

 of which there are three kinds 



Large capitals, ABCDEFGHIJKL 

 MNOPQRSTUVWXYZ 



Small capitals, ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQ 

 RSTUVWXYZ 



Lower case, abcdefghijklmnopqrs 

 t u v w x y z 



The above are Roman letters : we have the same 

 in Italic, as 



Large capitals, A B CDEFGHIJKL 

 MNOPQRSTUrfTXYZ 



Small capitals, ABCDEFQRIJKLMNOPQR 



Lower case, a b c d efg hijklmnopqrstu 

 v w x y z. 



Besides these there are many varieties of letter 

 used, such as Old English, and imitations of manu- 

 script letters, the mention of which could only be ser- 

 viceable to the practical printer. A collection of 

 types such as is necessary in ordinary circumstances 

 for carrying on the printing of a work, is called a 

 fount. A fount must contain not only a sufficient 

 number of letters, points and figures, but likewise 

 types to fill up spaces, and other peculiarities. 



Types are of various sizes, the following being 

 those commonly in nse among British printers for 

 regular book work. English ; Pica ; Small Pica ; 

 Long Primer ; Burgeois ; Brevier ; Nonpareil ; 

 Pearl ; Diamond. Of these various sizes, we may 

 give specimens by printing a portion of the Lord's 

 Prayer. 



ENGLISH. 



Our Father, which art in hea- 



PICA. 



Our Father, which art in heaven, 



SMALL PICA. 



Our Father, which art in heaven, hallow- 



LONG PRIMER. 



Our Father, which art in heaven, hallowed be 



BURGEOIS. 



Our Father, which art in heaven, hallowed be 



BREVIER. 

 Our Father, which art in heaven, hallowed be thy 



MINION. 

 Our Father, which art in heaven, hallowed be thy name. 



NONPAREIL. 

 Our Father, which art in heaven, hallowed be thy name. Thy 



PEARL. 



Our Father, which art in heaven, hallowed be tby name. Thy kingdom 

 DIAMOND, 



The size of type used in printing this Encyclope- 

 dia is brevier. 



When a work is to be printed and the size of type 



