152 



PUCK PUOAT8CHEFF. 



ITCK. See Mab. 



PUDDING STONE. See Sandstone. 



PUDDLING FURNACES. See Iron. 



PUEBLA, LA, OR LA PUEBLA DE LOS 

 ANGELES ; a state of the Mexican confederacy, 

 formed of the Spanish intendancy of the same name . 

 lying between lat. 16 and 20 30* N., and Ion! 

 96 40' and 99 30* W. ; bounded north by the 

 states of Vera Cruz and Queretaro, south by that of 

 Oaxaca and the Pacific ocean, and West by the 

 state of Mexico. It is 322 miles in length from 

 north to south, and 140 in breadth ; square miles, 

 20,000. It is traversed by the Cordilleras of Ana- 

 huac, and contains the lofty summits of Popocate- 

 petl and Iztaccihuatl. The northern part is almost 

 entirely formed of an elevated plateau, 6500 feet 

 above the ocean, and fertile in corn and fruits ; cot- 

 ton and sugar also thrive here. Population of the 

 state in 1793, 508,000 ; in 1803, 813,300. On the 

 arrival of the Spaniards it was the seat of a power- 

 ful republic (Tlkscala), which had maintained itself 

 independent of the Mexican emperors. The capi- 

 tal of the state, of the same name is in lat. 19 N., 

 and is one of the handsomest cities of North Ame- 

 rica : the streets are broad, straight and well paved ; 

 the houses large and well built ; and there are 

 numerous large squares. ' The church of Nuestra 

 Senora de Guadalupe is one of the richest and most 

 splendid in the country. Puebla contains sixty 

 churches, twenty-two convents, and several literary 

 seminaries and hospitals ; its manufactories, par- 

 ticularly its potteries, are extensive ; population, 

 67,000. The pyramid of Cholula is five miles dis- 

 tant from the city. Puebla was built by the Span- 

 iards in 1533. See Mexico. 



PUFENDORF, SAMUEL, BARON VON, one of the 

 first and greatest expounders of natural law, publi- 

 cists, and historians of Germany, was born in 1632, 

 near Chemnitz, in the Erzegebirge, in the village 

 where his father was a preacher. After having 

 studied- at the school of Grimma, and at the univer- 

 sities of Leipsic and Jena, he applied himself to pub- 

 lic law, making philosophical or natural law the 

 foundation of his studies. Being unable to procure 

 a situation in his native country, he accepted, in 

 1658, the place of tutor in the ho use of the Swedish 

 ambassador at the Danish court, and repaired with 

 his pupil to Copenhagen ; but a war breaking out 

 between Denmark and Sweden, he was arrested, 

 with the whole family of the Swedish ambassador. 

 In this situation, which continued for eight months, 

 he employed himself in studying the works of Gro- 

 tius and Hobbes on law and government. The re- 

 sult of his labours appeared at the Hague in 1660, 

 (Elementa Jurisprudentiae universalis.) The learn- 

 ed elector of the palatinate, Charles Louis, to whom 

 it was dedicated, was so much pleased with this 

 work, that he founded for the author in 1661, a pro- 

 fessorship of the law of nature and nations, the first 

 in Germany. Here he taught till 1G70, when the 

 king of Sweden, Charles XI. offered him the profes- 

 sorship of natural law in the new university at 

 Lund. He there wrote his work on natural law, 

 (De Jure Naturae et Gentium, Lund, 1672,) which 

 superseded the former, and is characterized by per- 

 spicuity, method, and sound reasoning ; soon after 

 appeared the smaller compendium, or rather ab- 

 stract of the above work,(D<? Officio Hominis etCivis, 

 Lund, 1673,) which has passed through innumerable 

 editions, and been translated into several languages. 

 Pufendorf, in these works, deviated still further than 

 Grotius from the scholastic method of philosophiz- 

 ing, and, consequently, excited violent opposition. 

 However different opinions may be respecting these 

 works of Pufendorf, it is not to be denied, that he 



made an epoch in the history of natural law. He 

 had a more distinct conception than Grotius of a 

 science, which, independently of positive law or 

 theology, should determine the rules of right solely 

 by the laws of reason. His law of nature was a 

 philosophical morality, settling the mutual relations 

 of justice between men, and which still remained 

 dependent on the Christian morality. With Gro- 

 tius, he laid the foundation of law in the social in- 

 stinct, which is nearly allied to the Christian pre- 

 cept of love of our neighbour, and with Hobbes, he 

 derived law from the state of fallen nature. Pufen- 

 dorf also made an epoch in the German public law. 

 While professor in Heidelberg he wrote, at the. 

 suggestion of the elector, under the name of Severi- 

 nus a Monzambano, the celebrated book, De Stalu 

 Reipublica Germanics, which he sent to his brother, 

 then Swedish ambassador in Paris, to be printed. 

 It represents Germany as a republican body, whose 

 clumsily joined parts formed an anomalous whole. 

 This book was violently attacked, and Pufendorf, 

 who defended it with energy, did not think it advis- 

 able to avow himself as the author. He afterwards 

 went to Stockholm, where he was appointed se- 

 cretary of state, royal counsellor, and historiogra- 

 pher. There he wrote in Latin, the History of 

 Sweden, from the campaign of Gustavus Adolphus 

 in Germany, to the abdication of queen Christina, 

 (De Rebus Suecicis 1676,) and the History of 

 Charles Gustavus, (De Rebus a Carolo Gustavo ges- 

 tis 2 vols., fol., 1696,) and, in German, his Ein- 

 leitung zur Geschichte der vornehmsten Reiche und 

 Staaten, (1682, 2 vols.,) subsequently continued by 

 OZhlenschlaeger and translated by Martiniere into 

 French. These works so much increased his repu- 

 tation, that in 1686, he received from Frederic Wil- 

 liam, Elector of Brandenburg, an invitation to Ber- 

 lin as counsellor, historiographer, and judge of the 

 supreme court of judicature, with the charge to 

 write the life of that prince, which he finished under 

 the reign of his son, Frederic III. In 1690, he was 

 made privy counsellor of the elector of Brandenburg, 

 and, in 1694, was created baron by Charles XI., 

 king of Sweden. He died at Berlin, in 1694. 



PUFFIN (pttffinus). These birds, which also 

 bear the name of petrel, are completely aquatic, 

 living constantly at sea, and scarcely ever seen on 

 shore ; they, however, fly well, and keep on the 

 wing for a long time ; they chiefly seek for their 

 prey, which is exclusively fish, at twilight or in 

 stormy days. They breed socially, forming their 

 nest in the ground, which they excavate by means 

 of the sharp nails of their feet. The female lays 

 one egg. The young, when excluded from the 

 shell, is covered with a long down. They are 

 found in all the high latitudes, furnishing the 

 wretched inhabitants of these frozen climates with 

 food and clothing. 



PUGATSCHEFF, JF.MELJAN ; the son of a Cos- 

 sack, born at Simoweisk, a village on the Don, in 

 1726, played for a short time, an important part in 

 Russia. War and robbery were the employments 

 of his youth, and he became the leader ot a preda- 

 tory band. He afterwards entered the Prussian 

 service during the seven years' war ; then joined 

 the Austrians, served against the Turks, and was 

 present at the siege of Bender (1770). Returning 

 to his native country, he attempted to sow the seeds 

 of rebellion among his countrymen, but was soon 

 arrested and confined at Kasan. Having made his 

 escape, he was joined by some restless spirits, and 

 was encouraged, by his personal resemblance to 

 the lately deceased emperor, Peter III., to attempt 

 to pass himself off for that emperor. His adhe- 

 rents pretended that the corpse which had been 



