QUAKERS QUAND MEME. 



771 



believes that a special call and qualification from 

 him, by the influences of his Spirit on the soul, are 

 necessary to constitute a true minister of the 

 gospel ; and that as he commanded his disciples 

 " Freely ye have received, freely give," so the 

 faithful minister of Christ cannot make merchan- 

 dise of the gift received, nor decline the exer- 

 cise of it because he may not be compensated by a 

 pecuniary reward. It being generally admitted 

 that the baptism of water and a participation in the 

 outward supper are but the signs of that essential 

 baptism of the Holy Ghost, which our Lord Jesus 

 Christ instituted, and of the communion of saints to 

 which he alludes, when he declared to the apostle 

 John in the Revelation, " Behold, I stand at the 

 door and knock ; if any man hear my voice and 

 open the door, I will come in and sup with him, 

 and he with me ;" and as this spiritual baptism and 

 communion are not dependent on the outward rites, 

 the society does not consider these as necessary, 

 but presses on its members a submission to the 

 effectual operation of the Holy Spirit, by which the 

 obedient soul is brought to the living experience of 

 the substance, of which these ceremonies are but 

 the external symbols. As simplicity and gravity 

 in dress and demeanour are consonant with the 

 Christian character, the society recommends its 

 members to observe plainness in their apparel and 

 the furniture of their houses, an adherence to the 

 use of the singular pronouns, " thee and thou," 

 when addressing only one person, and the disuse of 

 the customary salutations and tokens of obeisance. 

 Its conduct in these respects arises from the appre- 

 hensions that the contrary practices originated in 

 the pride of the human heart, and have a tendency 

 to foster that haughtiness and self-conceit, which it 

 is so much the business of the Christian to mortify 

 and subdue. The doctrines of the society may be 

 stated in a few words; in doing which, it will be 

 proper to observe that its members prefer the use 

 of such terms as are to be found in the Holy Scrip- 

 tures. They believe in God, the Father; in Jesus 

 Christ, his beloved and only-begotten Son, and in 

 the Holy Ghost, Comforter or Spirit of Truth, one 

 true and living God, blessed for ever. That these 

 are the holy Three that bear record in heaven ; to 

 wit, the Father, the Word, and the Holy Ghost, 

 nnd that these three are one. That in the fulness 

 of time our Lord and Saviour Jesus Christ took 

 flesh, was conceived by the Holy Ghost, and born 

 of the Virgin Mary at Bethlehem in Judea ; that 

 he was crucified under Pontius Pilate, voluntarily 

 surrendering himself to the ignominious death of 

 the cross, and suffered for our sins, the just for the 

 unjust, that he might bring us to God ; thereby 

 becoming the one, great, universal offering and 

 atonement for all mankind. Hence " he is the pro- 

 pitiation for our sins, and not for ours only, but for 

 the sins of the whole world ;" and as each individ- 

 ual submits to the power of the Holy Spirit, renew- 

 ing and changing the heart, his past transgressions 

 are freely forgiven and blotted out for Christ's sake, 

 and he comes fully to partake of the benefits of 

 that redemption which was purchased for us by the 

 coming, and sufferings, and death, of the adorable 

 Son of God. In expressing themselves concerning 

 this glorious display of the love of God to fallen 

 man, they include a full belief in the deity and 

 manhood of Jesus Christ ; in his miraculous birth, 

 holy life, mighty miracles, death, resurrection, and 

 ascension into glory in the heavens, where he is at 

 the right hand of God, as onr Redeemer, Mediator, 

 and Advocate with the Father, and whence he 

 shall come to judge the world in righteousness at 

 the great and final day of judgment. As the whole 

 3c2 



human race is naturally fallen, degenerate, and 

 spiritually dead, of themselves utterly incapable of 

 doing aiiy thing that will tend to their salvation, so 

 the society believes that all have need, and are the 

 objects, of that redemption which is freely offered 

 for their acceptance through Jesus Christ our Lord. 

 That " the grace of God, which bringeth salvation, 

 hath appeared unto all men; teaching us, that, 

 denying ungodliness and worldly lusts, we should 

 live soberly, righteously, and godly in this present 

 world ;" and that obedience to its dictates is es- 

 sentially necessary to enable us to persevere in the 

 work of pure and undefiled religion, and finally to 

 receive the end of our faith, even the salvation of 

 our souls. That there shall be a resurrection, both 

 of the just and the unjust, according to the declara- 

 tion of our blessed Lord, " The hour is coming, in 

 the which all that are in the graves shall hear his 

 voice, and shall come forth ; they that have done 

 good, unto the resurrection of life, and they that 

 have done evil, unto the resurrection of damnation," 

 and that, according to the testimony of the apos- 

 tle Paul, " It is sown a natural body, and raised a 

 spiritual body." Although Friends do not call the 

 Holy Scriptures the Word of God, but apply this 

 epithet exclusively to the Lord Jesus Christ, yet 

 they believe that these sacred writings are the 

 words of God, written by holy men, as they were 

 moved by the Holy Ghost ; that they are profitable 

 for doctrine, for reproof, for correction, for instruc- 

 tion in righteousness, that the man of God may be 

 perfect, thoroughly furnished unto all good works ; 

 and that they are able to make wise unto salvation 

 through faith which is in Christ Jesus. They also 

 hold them to be the most authentic and perfect 

 declaration of Christian faith, and the only fit out- 

 ward judge and standard in all religious controver- 

 sies; and that whatever, either in doctrine or prac- 

 tice, any profess or do, though under pretence of 

 the guidance of the Holy Spirit, if it be contrary to 

 or inconsistent with, the testimony of the Holy 

 Scriptures, is to be esteemed a delusion and error. 



The society is governed by its own code of dis- 

 cipline, which is enacted and supported by meet- 

 ings of four degrees, for discipline, namely, prepar- 

 ative, monthly, quarterly, and yearly meetings. 

 The preparative digest and prepare the business 

 for the monthly meetings, in which the executive 

 power is principally lodged, subject, however, to 

 the revision and control of the quarterly meetings. 

 These are usually composed of several monthly 

 meetings, which are accountable to the quarterly, 

 and over which it exercises its jurisdiction and care. 

 The yearly meeting comprises a number of quarterly 

 meetings, which are subordinate and accountable 

 to it, and subject to its supervision and direction. 

 Its authority is paramount, and it possesses the sole 

 power to make or amend the discipline. There 

 are at present ten yearly meetings, namely, Lon- 

 don, Dublin, New England, New York, Philadel- 

 phia, Baltimore, Virginia, North Carolina, Ohio, 

 and Indiana, which include a total of about one 

 hundred and fifty thousand members. (For further 

 information, see Sewell's and Cough's Histories of 

 the Quakers, G. Fox's Journal, Barclay's Apology, 

 Tnke's Principles, Bates's Doctrines of Friends, 

 Evan's Exposition, Gurney's Peculiarities, &c.) 



QUAND MEME ; an ultra-royalist phrase in 

 France, taken from a cry common in La Vendee, 

 during the insurrection in that quarter in the revo- 

 lution : Vive le roi, guand meme, Long live the 

 king, even though (or at all events). The applica- 

 tion of it made by the ultras, however, has been, 

 that they would adhere to the principles of ultra- 

 royalism, though the king himself should recede 



