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RAPIN RASPBERRY. 



eral character of the expression ; next proceedec 

 tn the figures, and lastly to Uie single parts of them 

 In tliis way, his figures possess a harmony whicl: 

 many other artists have aimed at in vain. The 

 jno>t distinguished of his scholars were Giulio Pipi 

 Komano. Francesco Penni il Fattore, Polidoro Cal- 

 dara di Caravaggio, Benvenuto Garofalo, John o 

 (Mine, Bartolcineo Kainenghi il Bagnacavallo. 

 These, witli their followers, and later imitators 

 i .institute the Roman school, founded by Raphael, 

 which has ever been distinguished above others for 

 the excellences which belonged to its founder. 

 The latest Lives of Raphael are those of Brain 

 (\Viesbaden, 1815), of Fuseli ( 'urich, 1815), and of 

 Quatremere de (juincy (Paris, 1825). Marco 

 Antonio (Ant. Raimondi) engraved Raphael's 

 drawings, and Raphael himself is said to have 

 etched the outlines of some of the plates. A Cata- 

 logue des Estampes gravies dapres Rafael, par 

 Tauriscus Eubeeus (count Lepell), appeared at 

 Frankfort on the Maine, in 1819; and the Etudes 

 culyuies et desinees d'apres 5 Tableaux de Rapfi. , 

 accompagnfes de la Gravure an Trait et de Notices 

 hist, et crit., by Emer. David (Paris, 1822). These 

 five pieces are the Agnus Dei, La Perle, La Visi- 

 tation (since engraved by Desnoyers), La P'ierge 

 au Poisson, and Lo Spasimo, which were carried 

 to France in 1813, were retouched there, and re- 

 turned to Spain in 1815. 



RAPIN DE THOYRAS, PAUL, a historian, 

 liorn at Castres, in Languedoc, in 1661, studied 

 law under his father, who was an advocate, until 

 the revocation of the edict of Nantes drove him to 

 Britain, and subsequently to Holland, where he 

 entered a company of French cadets. In 1689, he 

 followed the prince of Orange into Britain, and dis- 

 tinguished himself at the battle of the Boyne. In 

 1707, he settled at Wesel, in the duchy of Cleves. 

 and devoted himself to the composition of his 

 History of England. He died at Wesel in 1725. 

 His great work, L'Histoire d'Angleterre (Hague, 

 10vols.,4to, 17251726), has been twice trans- 

 lated into English ; and Tindal continued it up to 

 1760. It is prolix and unanimated, but impartial, 

 and contains much solid information. 



RAPP, JOHN, count of, a French general during 

 the revolutionary war, was born in Alsatia, in 1772. 

 In 1788, he entered the military service. As aid 

 of general Desaix, he accompanied him during the 

 campaigns in Germany and Egypt. After Desaix 

 had fallen at Marengo, Rapp became aid to Bona- 

 parte, to whom he had carried information of De- 

 saix 's death. In 1802, he executed the commis- 

 sion which he had received from the first consul to 

 exhort the Swiss to a cessation of hostilities, and to 

 proffer the mediation of France in the conflict of 

 parties, which had destroyed the tranquillity of the 

 country since its occupation by the French armies. 

 The Swiss submitted to Bonaparte's decision. In 

 the following year, Rapp was despatched to the 

 mouth of the Elbe to superintend the erection of 

 works to protect the country against the landing of 

 the British. On the breaking out of the war 

 against Austria, in 1805, he accompanied Napoleon, 

 and, after the battle of Austerlitz, where he threw 

 the Russian guards into confusion by a bold attack 

 with his cavalry, and took prince Repnin prisoner, 

 he was made brigadier-general. In the war with 

 Prussia and Russia, lie also fought with reputation, 

 and, in the summer of 1807, received the chief com- 

 mand in Dantzic, in the room of general Lefebvre. 

 With the exception of a short interruption in 1812, 

 when he distinguished himself in Russia, he re- 

 mained seven years commander of Dantzic, which 

 lie defended alter the retreat of the French army 



from Russia, till 1814, during a severe siege, in 

 which he displayed great talent and brilliant cour- 

 age, and not tillall means of defence were exhausted, 

 and he was compelled by famine, did he capitu- 

 late. He was taken, as a prisoner of war, to Kit.w. 

 Returning to France in 1814, he was received with 

 distinction by the king, and, in March, 1815, was 

 intrusted with the command of the first corps d'ar- 

 mee, destined to retard the progress of Napoleon. 

 But when the defection of the whole army rendered 

 all resistance impossible, Rapp also went over to 

 Napoleon, who made him commander of the army 

 of the Rhine, which occupied the lines on the Lau- 

 ter and from Weissenberg, and extended along the 

 Rhine as far as Huningen. After several battles 

 with an enemy of superior force, Rapp retreated 

 under the cannons of Strasburg. When Louis 

 XVIII. returned a second time to Paris, Rapp 

 retained the command of the fifth division, granted 

 him by Napoleon, till September of the same year, 

 when the army was disbanded. He retired to his 

 estates, but soon returned to Paris. When the 

 news of Napoleon's death arrived, Rapp was about 

 the person of the king. The information moved 

 him so strongly, that he expressed his feelings 

 aloud: "lam not ungrateful," he said, and im- 

 mediately withdrew. The king, informed of his 

 conduct, sent for him, and thus addressed him : 

 '' Rapp, I know that you are greatly affected at 

 this information : this does honour to your heart, 

 and I only love and esteem you the more for it." 

 Rapp died in 1821, being at the time lieutenant- 

 general of the cavalry. After his death appeared 

 the interesting Memoires du General Rapp, ecrits 

 par Luimeme (Paris, 1823). See Mem. des Con- 

 temporains, 1st No.; these are genuine; a former 

 edition was declared spurious by the widow of the 

 general. 



RAPPAHANNOCK; a river of Virginia, wnich 

 rises in the Blue ridge, and runs east-south-east 

 about 180 miles, and flows into Chesapeake bay, 

 twenty-five miles south of the Potomac. It passes 

 the towns of Falmouth, Fredericsburg, Port Royal, 

 and Leeds, and is navigable to Fredericsburg, liO 

 miles, for vessels of 130 or 140 tons. 



RARITAN ; a river of New Jersey, formed by 

 two branches which unite twenty miles above New 

 Brunswick. It becomes navigable two miles 

 above that city, at a place called Brunswick Land- 

 ing. It passes Amboy, and then widens into Rari- 

 tan bay, which is immediately connected with the 

 ocean. 



RAS ; Arabian for head, and prefixed to names 

 of promontories or capes. 



RASCIANS, OR RAITZEN ; a Sclavonic tribe, 

 which formerly inhabited Servia and Illyria, but at 

 present is spread through Sclavonia, Lower Hun- 

 gary, Transylvania, Moldavia, and Walachia. They 

 profess the Greek faith, but many of them have 

 joined the Catholic church. 



RASH (exanthema); an eruption of the skin. It 

 consists of red patches on the skin, diffused irregu- 

 larly over the body. Portions of the cuticle are 

 often elevated in a rash, but the elevations are not 

 acuminated. The eruption is usually accompanied 

 with a general disorder of the constitution, and 

 terminates in a few days by cuticular exfoliations. 



RASPBERRY. The common cultivated rasp- 

 berry (rubus idaus] has a woody root, from whicl) 

 arise several upright stems, attaining the height of 

 three or four feet, and* rough with numerous fine 

 prickles : the inferior leaves are pinnate, composed 

 of five oval acute toothed leaflets, green r.bove, and 

 whitish and downy beneath ; the superior ones are 

 ternate; the flowers are white, and rather small, 



