838 



REIL REISKE. 



lectual Powers of Man, and, in 1788, by his Essay 

 on the Arrive Powers. These, with an Analysis 

 nf Aristotle's Logic ami an Essay on Quantity, form 

 the whole of his publications. He died in October 

 I79(>. in his eighty-sixth year, with a high charac 

 ter for benevolence and integrity, as well as for 

 talents. See the article Philosophy, Mental, an 

 hi> life by Dugald Stewart. A French translation 

 of his works by Joufl'roy, with an Introductory Essay 

 and the Notes of Royard Collard, has recently 

 appeared at Paris (1828 seq.). 



REIL, JOHN CHRISTIAN, professor in the univer- 

 sity of Berlin, was born Feb. 20, 1758, in East 

 Friesland. In 1783, he was graduated at Halle. 

 After having practised medicine for some time, he 

 was appointed professor of therapeutics, in 1787, 

 in Halle. He taught and practised there for 

 twenty years, until the conquest of Germany by the 

 French mined this ancient university. In 1810, he 

 was appointed professor in the newly created uni- 

 versity of Berlin. In 1813, he was appointed one 

 of the highest medical officers in the military de- 

 partment ; but before the time for his entry on hi 

 new avocation, the typhus fever carried him off. 

 Nov. 22, 1814. Reil had many excellent qualities. 

 He was particularly distinguished for his skill in 

 mental maladies, and has acquired a lasting reputa- 

 tion by his investigations into the structure of the 

 brain, and his new physiological views. His work 

 On the Symptoms and Cure of Fever will long sur- 

 vive him. 



REINDEER. See Deer. 



REINECKE. See Renard. 



REINHARD, FRANCIS VOLKMAR, a celebrated 

 Protestant preacher, born in 1753, was a native of 

 the duchy of Sulzbach, in Germany. He was in- 

 structed by his father (who was a clergyman) till 

 he was sixteen, when he was admitted into the 

 gymnasium of Ratisbon, where he remained five 

 years ; and, in 1773, he was removed to the uni- 

 versity of Wittenberg. The study of sacred elo- 

 quence especially attracted his attention ; and his 

 reputation procured him, in 1782, the chair of theo- 

 logy, to which, in 1784, was added the offices of 

 preacher at the university church and assessor of 

 the consistory. In 1792, he was invited to Dres- 

 den to become first preacher to the court of Sax- 

 ony, ecclesiastical counsellor, and member of the 

 supreme consistory. After filling these stations 

 with high reputation for about twenty years, he 

 died, Sept. 6, 1812. His principal works are, A 

 System of Christian Morality ; an Essay on the 

 Plan formed by the Founder of Christianity for the 

 Happiness of the Human Race ; Sermons ; Letters 

 of F. V. Reinhard on his Sermons, and on his 

 Education as a Preacher ; Lectures on Dogmatic 

 Theology. 



REINHOLD, CHARLES LEONARD, born in Vienna, 

 Oct. 26, 1758, was professor of philosophy, first in 

 Jena, (from 1787), then at Kiel (from 1794), where 

 he died, April 10, 1823. His Catholic parents des- 

 tined him for the church, and sent him to study 

 with the Jesuits in Vienna. When the order vy\s 

 abolished in 1774, he entered the college of the 

 regulated priests of St Paul (generally called Bar- 

 nabitet), where he became, at the age of twenty- 

 two years, professor of philosophy. During the 

 reign of Joseph II., he distinguished himself by 

 many philosophical treatises in periodical works. 

 But his vigorous and inquiring mind could not fail 

 to discover the weakness of many Catholic dogmas. 

 He left Austria in 1787, and the same year was ap- 

 pointed professor at Jena, having written a cele- 

 brated Vindication of the Reformation against two 

 chapters in Schmidt's History of the Germans. 



Jena owed to him much of its reputation. We can- 

 not enumerate his many works ; but they are all 

 remarkable as the productions of a mind which 

 freed itself by its own efforts from the prejudices 

 of education. In his philosophy, he followed Kant, 

 Fichte, Bardili and Jacob!. Professor Ernest Rein- 

 hold, his son, published, in 1825, in Jena, his life, 

 with a number of letters addressed to him by Kant, 

 Fichte, and many celebrated philosophers. 



REINSURANCE, in commerce, a contract by 

 which the first insurer relieves himself from the 

 risks he had undertaken, and devolves them upon 

 other underwriters, called reinsurers. 

 REIS EFFENDI. See Effendi. 

 REISKE, JOHN JAMES, a distinguished German 

 philologist, was born at Zorbig, in Saxony, in 1716. 

 He was the son of a tanner, who was able to do but 

 little for his education. After studying, from 1728 

 to 1732, in the orphans' school at Halle, he went, 

 in 1733, to the university of Leipsic. Rendered 

 gloomy and melancholy by his monastic education 

 at Halle, he did not attend any lectures at Leipsic, 

 but studied by himself, without method. He here 

 studied the Arabic language, devoting to that object 

 all the resources at his command; and, in 173S, 

 though entirely destitute, undertook a journey to 

 Leyden, then the seat of Arabic literature. In 

 Hamburg, he found two patrons (Wolf, a clergyman, 

 and professor Reimarus), who enabled him to ac- 

 complish his wishes. In Leyden, Schultens gave 

 him access to the library, of which he made diligent 

 use. D'Orville and Burmann, who employed him 

 in making translations and correcting the press, 

 became his patrons. Reiske pursued his philologi- 

 cal studies with the greatest zeal, and, at the same 

 time, attended to theoretical medicine, and received 

 the degree of doctor, free of expense, from the 

 medical faculty. He had gained much reputation 

 in Leyden for learning and industry ; but he refused 

 offers which were made him, in the hope (which 

 was never, however, fulfilled) of better. He might 

 have succeeded in Holland, if he had not made 

 enemies by his self-will and love of independence. 

 He returned to Leipsic in 1746, but was there, also, 

 unable to procure any place, except that, in 1748, 

 by the favour of the elector, he received the title of 

 professor of Arabic, and was obliged to gain his 

 subsistence by private instruction, writing of books, 

 correcting the press, translating, and by contribu- 

 tions to critical journals. Meanwhile, he was 

 always pressed for want of money, as he spent 

 almost all which he acquired in purchasing books, 

 especially in Greek and Arabic literature, and 

 turned his works to little account. In 1756, by the 

 explanation of an Arabic inscription, he attracted 

 the notice of the count of Wackerbarth, who pro- 

 cured him, in 1758, the rectorship in St Nicholas's 

 school at Leipsic ; the duties of which he dis- 

 charged with fidelity for sixteen years, notwithstand- 

 ng his numerous literary labours. In 1768, he 

 married Ernestine Christina Muller, a lady of un- 

 ommon talents and learning, who assisted him in 

 lis labours, and was his faithful companion till his 

 death in 1774. Greek literature is indebted to 

 Reiske for excellent editions of Theocritus (Vienna 

 and Leipsic, 1765, 2 vols., 4to.), of the Greek ora- 

 tors (Leipsic, 177075, 12 vols.), of Plutarch 

 (Leipsic, 177479, 12 vols.), of Dionysius of Hali- 

 carnassus (Leipsic, 1774 77, 6 vols.), and of Maxi- 

 musTyrius (Leipsic, 1774, 2 vols). Uncommon 

 rudition and critical acuteness are displayed in his 

 Animadversiones in Greecos Auctores (Leipsic, 1759, 

 66, 6 vols.}, containing emendations of a great 

 lumber of passagesof the Greek classics. Hiscollec- 

 ion of manuscripts, cniefly Arabic, which he had 





