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RESERVATION- RESURRECTION. 



Rtf*iem ttternam dona fix, &r. (See K.i-fi/ueis.) 

 The reijinein forms an important part of the Iwau- 

 tifiil (.'ati'olu 1 church inusir; and the nut distin- 

 guislutl niUMrian, have employed their talents on 

 ii, :i* M"/:irt. .lumrli. Nrukamm, and many others. 



K! >l KVA'l ION, MKNTAI. (raervatio Mrntul 

 OIIIM-CS in tliis, tliat a person making a promise 

 gives a liitTiTfiu signification or interpretation in 

 his own mind to the words of the promise, from 

 the meaning which he to whom the promise is made 

 will naturally attach to them, with the purpose of 

 drt-fptioii. It is always on intentional violation of 

 the truth, and of course of the rules of morality. 

 It was, nevertheless, permitted among the Jesuits 

 in its greatest extent 



K! M:RVK. The distribution of military forces 

 is one of the most important parts of warfare. 

 Generally speaking, they are divided into three 

 parts: the first, the van, is destined to begin the 

 conflict; the second, corps de bataille, to sustain it; 

 the third, the reserve, has to supply fresh forces as 

 they are needed, to support those points which are 

 shaken, and to be ready to act at decisive moments. 

 The composition and disposition of the reserve is of 

 the utmost importance. It ought to be composed 

 of the best and most experienced troops, not ex- 

 posed, yet placed so that they can operate easily 

 on all sides, and ought to be commanded by an ex- 

 perienced, cool, but resolute, general. Napoleon's 

 guards, and his disposition of them, are models. 

 They often decided the victory when the enemy 

 felt sure of success. 



RESIN ; a vegetable substance, which exudes 

 from many trees, either from natural fissures or arti- 

 ficial wounds. (See Plants) Common resw, or 

 ri>in, is obtained by distilling the exuded matter of 

 some species of pine : oil of turpentine passes ever, 

 and die resin remains behind. (See Pine.) The 

 resins are insoluble in water, but soluble in alcohol, 

 and inodorous, though they sometimes derive odour 

 from containing an essential oil. They consist 

 chiefly of carbon, with about one quarter of oxy- 

 gen and hydrogen. See Gum, and Gum Resin. 



RESPIRATION ; the alternate inspiration and 

 expiration of atmospheric air, for the purpose of 

 bringing it into contact with the blood, and exchang- 

 ing the hydrogen and carbon with which it is 

 charged, for oxygen. (See these articles, and Air.) 

 This function is therefore closely connected with 

 that of the circulation of the blood. (See Blood, 

 Heart, and Lungs.) The organs and mechanism 

 by which this wonderful function is carried on, 

 vary considerably in the different classes of ani- 

 mals. In the mammalia, birds (see Ornithology) 

 and reptiles (q. v.), the organ of respiration is the 

 lungs; in fish (q. v.), the gills; in most insects 

 (q. v.), the tracheae; and in the lower classes of 

 animals, different parts of the system. The air, 

 being brought into contact with the blood, is decom- 

 p-ed, its oxygen is united with the blood, and its 

 nitrogen is returned by expiration, unchanged, with 

 an additional quantity of carbonic acid gas. A part 

 the oxygen of the inhaled air is united in the 

 lungs with the free hydrogen, and forms water, 

 rhich is emitted in the form of vapour, visible at 

 40 Fahr. Another part of the oxygen unites with 

 the superfluous carbon in the blood, and forms the 

 carbonic acid gas, which passes off with the watery 

 vapour. It is evident from observation, that oxy- 

 gen gas is necessary to animal life. As to its man- 

 ner of operating in the body after inspiration, opin- 

 H>IIN differ. Upon respiration depends also animal 

 lit-at, which is greater, at least in the mammalia 

 ami in birds, than that of the surrounding element. 

 (See Animal Heat.) The mechanical part of the 



function of respiration is effected by the action of 

 the ribs and diaphragm. In the natural state, the 

 ribs arc inclined downwards, and when this series 

 of movable hoops is raised by the action of 

 the muscles, the cavity of the chest is en- 

 larged. The descent of the diaphragm (q. v.) by 

 its contraction increases this effect, and the air 

 therefore rushes in to fill up the vacant space: the 

 ribs then descend, and the diaphragm rises, and 

 the air is necessarily driven out in consequence of 

 the resulting contraction of the chest. About 

 twenty respirations take place in a minute, and 

 from thirty to forty cubic inches of air are inhaled 

 at each inspiration. A man consumes about a gal- 

 lon of air in the same time. 



RESTAURATEUR ; the French name for an 

 eating-house, where provisions may be had ready 

 cooked at all hours. The name has become com- 

 mon in other countries. 



RESTITUT1O IN INTEGRUM. Where unde- 

 served damage was suffered from the strict rules of 

 law, or the common forms of legal procedure, the 

 Roman pretor allowed, under certain circumstances, 

 a dissolution of the contracts or obligations which 

 occasioned it, and prescribed a restitutio in inte- 

 grum; for instance, to minors, who, after their ac- 

 tual tutelage had expired, but before their twenty- 

 fifth year, had entered into engagements to their 

 prejudice ; to absent persons ; to those who had 

 been influenced by fraud or threats; and, in general, 

 whenever he found good reason for so doing (si 

 qua alia causa justa mihi videbitur). The restitu- 

 tio is, in some shape, and in certain cases, admitted 

 into all codes. In France, actions for fraud, force, 

 &c., are admissible for ten years after the occur- 

 rence of the cause. Actions for relief against the 

 decisions of courts, are called there requetes civilcs. 

 By the provisions of the German law, actions for 

 restitution must be entered within four years. To 

 support such actions, the damage suffered must 

 have been considerable, and innocently incurred. 



RESTORATION is used in many different ap- 

 plications. In the fine arts, it signifies the repair- 

 ing of the injury suffered by works of art, buildings, 

 statues, pictures, &c. Even in ancient times, sta- 

 tues were restored, as, during the civil wars, many 

 were injured. Their transportation to Rome must 

 also have often been injurious to them. When, 

 after the repeated devastations of Rome, during 

 the middle ages, statues were exhumed, many of 

 the first artists were employed to restore them ; for 

 instance, Michael Angelo. (For much information 

 on this subject, see the article Restauration, in Mil- 

 lin's Dictionnuire ties Beaux Arts) There are now 

 in Italy some very skilfu' restorers of paintings, as 

 Palmaroli, Pereira, and others. It often requires the 

 eye of a perfect connoisseur to discover restorations, 

 and not a few remarks on the character of ancient 

 art have been founded on undetected restorations. 



In politics, this word is used for the replacing of 

 dethroned monarchs or houses, particularly the 

 Stuarts in England, in 1660, and the Bourbons in 

 France, in 1814 and 1815. This last restoration 

 gave rise to the name of Mr de Haller's woik, 

 Restoration of Politics. This work is directed 

 against the original rights of men, their equality in 

 the eye of the law, the sovereignty of the people, 

 and is intended to restore the theory of divine right 



RESURRECTION signifies sometimes the restor 

 ation of Christ from the dead, and sometimes the 

 expected renewal of the human body destroyed by 

 death. The credibility of the resurrection of Jesus 

 Christ rests partly on the testimony of the apostles, 

 and partly on this circumstance, that, without it, 

 we cannot explain how the apostles, who saw their 



