ULVIK\VS. 



tr*, of some of the most valuable critical journals 

 \hich luive appeared any when-. Acute criticism, 

 .MVC i-riuiiiion, mid charm >f style, nre united 

 in a remarkable degree in the Kouvelles de lu Re- 

 fiuMiyue des Lettret, edited from 1684 to 1687 by 

 liayle, ami itmtiniied by other liaiuis ; the Histoire 

 de* Ouvragrt des Savant, by Basnage (1687 

 1709); and ihe several journals conducted by Le- 

 clerc (Bibliotheque univertelle, 168693, 23 vols.; 

 Hibliothfgue Choisie, 1703 13, 27 vols.; Biblio- 

 tJUfue ancitttne et moderne, 171427, 28 vols.). 

 Besides these are distinguished the Journal littfr- 

 aire (171337), Bibliothtyue raisonnee (172851), 

 and BibHotheque nouvelle (1738 14). Among the 

 Dutch literary journals, conducted by native schol- 

 ars, ihe principal are De Doekzaal van Europe 

 (from 169U. under different titles); Het Republyk 

 de Geleerden (1710 48); Allgemenee Konsten 

 Letter- Bode ^since 1788, which is most highly 

 esteemed in Holland) ; De Recensent oak der Re- 

 centeiUen; the 7 'aderlundsche Bibliothek (1790), 



fee. 



The Italian journals of criticism are character- 

 ised by the completeness of their analyses of works : 

 the principal are the Giornale de' Letterati d 'Italia 

 (Venice, 171033), edited at first by Apostolo 

 Zeno, and rich in materials of literary history ; the 

 Biblioteca Italiana (Milan, 1816 seq.), edited until 

 1826 by Acerbi, and since by Gironi, Carlini, and 

 Furaagalli, and distinguished for acuteness of criti- 

 cism and freedom of judgment ; the Novelle Letter- 

 arie (Florence, 1740), conducted for some time by 

 the learned Lami ; the Antologia di Firenze, which 

 contains also original essays ; the Effemeridi Let- 

 terarie, and the Giornale Arcadico (1819 seq.), both 

 at Rome, and the Giornale encidopedico (Naples, 

 1806), chiefly a selection from other journals. The 

 Giornale de' Letterati (Pisa, 1771 seq.) was for a 

 time edited by the celebrated biographer Fabbroni, 

 and is one of the best Italian periodicals. 



The principal literary journals of Spain are the 

 Diario de los Literatos de Espanna (1737 43, 4 

 vols.), and the Memorial litterario de Madrid 

 (1784 1807), which contain little more than an 

 Hccount of the contents of books. In 1831, a jour- 

 nal in Spanish was undertaken at Havana, under 

 the title of Revista Bimestre Cubana, by Mariano 

 Cubi i Soler. 



Germaity has been most fruitful in critical 

 journals, which are more severely literary and 

 learned than the English productions of the same 

 kind. The earliest critical periodical is the well- 

 known Acta Eruditorum (Leipsic, 16821776), 

 established by Otto Mencke, and containing, 

 besides reviews, original treatises. Thomasius's 

 Monatsgespriiche (1688 90), and Tenzel's Monat- 

 liche Unterredungen (1689, continued under the 

 tille Curieute Bibliothek), are among the earlier 

 (ierman journals of criticism. The Neuen Zeitun- 

 gen von gelehrten Sachen (Leipsic, under different 

 lilies, 1715 97) gives an abstract of all native and 

 foreign journals up to 1740. The Gottinger gelehr- 

 ten Anzeigen (Gottingen, 1739, under different 

 titles) was edited by Haller and Heyne, and con- 

 tains contributions from Michaelis, Eichhorn,.Blu- 

 mcnbach, Hugo.Spittler, Heeren, &c. The Briefe, 

 die neuerte Literatur betrtffend (Berlin, 175965,) 

 by Leasing, Mendelssohn, Nicolai, &c., and the 

 AUgcmcine Deutsche Bibliothek (Berlin, 176696, 

 118 vols., Neue Allg. Deutsche Bib. 1793 1806, 

 1O7 Tols.), form a new period in German literature. 

 The Allgemeine Litcraturzeitung (Jena, 1785, 

 transferred to Halle in 1804, edited by Schutz and 

 Hiifeland) took a yet wider range and a higher 

 tone. On iU removal to Halle, liichhom under- 



took the Neue Jenaische Allgem. Liter atur- 

 zt'itung (Jena. I804X The Leipziger Literal iir- 

 zi'ifuiif (since 1800, under several titles), and the 

 Erlanger Liter aturzeitung (1746 1810), are of 

 interior value. The Heidelberger Jahrbucher der 

 Literatur (1808), and the Wiener Jahrbucher der 

 Literatur (1818). have enjoyed considerable repu- 

 tation. The Hermes (Leipsic, 1819, discontinued 

 1831, 35 vols.) was distinguished for its elevated 

 tone, and depth and variety of erudition. 



In Britain, the Gentleman's Magazine (17." I), 

 which at first consisted merely of selections from 

 newspapers, curious intelligence, &c., is venerable 

 for its age ; it still appears, after the lapse of a 

 century, under the editorship of Silvanus Urban 

 (the original Urban was, as is well known, the 

 bookseller Cave), and has acquired celebrity by the 

 early connection of Dr Johnson with its publisher. 

 There is an index extending from 1731 to 1786 

 and a second from 1787 to 1818 (2 vols., 1829)| 

 with a historical preface by Nichols. The Monthly 

 Review (1749) was the first critical journal estab- 

 lished in Britain ; it was followed by the Critical 

 Review (1756). The British Critic (1793) has 

 appeared since 1827 in quarterly numbers, under 

 the title of the Theological Review, and is the 

 organ of the church party. A new era of periodi- 

 cal criticism, in Great Britain, began with the 

 Edinburgh Review (q. v.), which took a wider 

 range and a loftier tone, both in politics and litera- 

 ture, than had been assumed by any of its prede- 

 cessors. The London Quarterly Review was 

 established under the management of Gilford, in 

 1809, and has supported tory and high church 

 principles. In 1825, it passed into the hands of 

 H. N. Coleridge, and is at present edited by Mr 

 Lockhart. The principal contributors to this jour- 

 nal have been Gifford, Southey, Scott, Croker, &c. 

 These two Reviews are republished in the United 

 States of America. There were recently published 

 Selections from the Edinburgh Review, with a 

 Preliminary Dissertation and Notes by Maurice 

 Cross, and Essays, moral, political, and literary, 

 selected from the Quarterly Review, with an Intro- 

 duction by Mr Lockhart. The Westminster Re- 

 view (established in 1824) is the advocate of radical 

 reform in church, state, and legislation, and was 

 established by the disciples of Jeremy Bentham, 

 whose principles in law and morals it supports. 

 The Foreign Quarterly Review (established in 

 1827) is devoted to foreign literature. Black- 

 wood's Edinburgh Magazine (established in 1817) 

 though but partially occupied with critical mat- 

 ter, contains many able criticisms. Its politics 

 are high tory. Tail's Edinburgh Magazine was 

 started professedly to defend opposite principles in 

 politics, and to assume a higher tone in litera- 

 ture than has been usually adopted by smaller 

 periodicals. The other British magazines are 

 chiefly filled with matter of local or temporary 

 importance. We must not, however, forget to 

 mention the Retrospective Review (14 vols., ending 

 in 1827), devoted to notices of old works, and the 

 celebrated Anti-Jacobin Review (chiefly political, 

 17981801). 



In the United States, the principal journals of 

 this kind are the North American Review, and the 

 American Quarterly Review. The former was 

 established at Boston, in 1815, by William Tudor, 

 and at first consisted of essays, selections, poetical 

 effusions, &c., with but little criticism. It was 

 afterwards under the editorship of Mr Channing, 

 now professor of rhetoric in Harvard college, and 

 assumed more the character of a critical journal. 

 In 1820, it passed into the hands of Mr Edward 



