

UI1KA RHETORIC. 



nii-iit of birth. She thus saves from destruction 

 three sons ami three daughters, Jupiter, Vesta, 

 I, Juno. Neptune and Pluto, the new inhabi- 

 tants of Olympus, and overthrows her own power. 

 She continued to retain the power of prophecy; 

 and some traces of her were preserved in the mys- 

 teries, in which, however, she was confounded with 

 Cybele. As the preserver of the future sovereign 

 of gods and men. she was the symbol of the pro- 

 M- power ut nature, the preserving and life- 

 giving principle of the world. Her attributes, as 

 the tamer of lions, which are harnessed to her 

 cliariot, and as the companion of Bacchus, and 

 her crown of turrets, point to the same symbol. 

 Her worship was the rudest form of natural reli- 

 gion, and was attended with the greatest excesses 

 of licentiousness and cruelty. 



RHKA, SYLVIA, lived about 800 B. C., and was 

 the daughter of Numitor, king of Alba, in Italy. 

 Although a vestal virgin, from the embrace of 

 Mars, she brought forth twins, Romulus and Re- 

 mus, the founders of Rome. 



RHEIMS, OR REIMS (Remi) ; a city of France, 

 department of the Marne, ninety miles north-east 

 of Paris; lat. 49 14' north; Ion. 4 2' east; po- 

 pulation, 38,000. R helms is a very old town: the 

 streets are, in general, bcoad and regular, the 

 houses well built, and there are numerous large 

 gardens. It contains some remarkable public 

 buildings, among which are the hotel de ville, fin- 

 ished in 1825 ; a magnificent cathedral of the 

 twelfth century, one of the finest monuments of the 

 kind in France, with a portal of great beauty; and 

 the church of St Remy, in which was preserved 

 the holy oil used in the consecration of the kings. 

 (See Ampulla.) The coronation of the French 

 kings from the time of Philip Augustus (1179) to 

 Charles X. (1825), with the exception of Henry 

 IV., crowned at Chartres, Napoleon, crowned at 

 Paris, and Louis XVI II., who was not crowned at 

 all, took place in the cathedral of Rheims (see 

 Coronation) ; but this expensive ceremony was 

 abolished in 1830. This town was the scene of 

 some hard fighting between the French and Rus- 

 sians, in 1814. The latter took possession of 

 Rheims, March 12. but were driven out by Napol- 

 eon, then on his march from Laon, on the IHth, 

 with the loss of their general, St Priest, and 2000 

 men. See CAdtillon, Congress of. 



RHEINGAU; a part of the duchy of Nassau, 

 along the right bank of the Rhine, about five 

 leagues long. It is well peopled, and produces 

 some of the choicest Rhenish wines. Gau is a 

 German word, signifying district. 



RHENISH CONFEDERATION. See Confe- 

 deration of the Rhine. 



RHENISH oa RHINLAND FOOT; equal to 

 1.02:1 English, or 24 Rhenish equal to 25 English. 

 See Measures. 



RHENISH WINES; the finest wines of Ger- 

 many. The vines on the Rhine were planted in 

 the third century, under the emperor Probus. Ac- 

 cording to a still existing tradition, Charlemagne 

 transplanted the first vine in the Rheingau from 

 Orleans. The Rheingau is the true country of the 

 Rhenish wines. The best are those of Assmann- 

 sli.-tusen (chiefly red), Riidesheim, Rottlander, Hin- 

 terli;iuser, Geissenheim, Johannisberg (q. v.), the 

 best of all, of which a bottle of the first quality, 

 in ordinary seasons, costs, on the spot, from four to 

 five florins, and Hattenheim (called Markclrunner). 

 Besides the wines of the Rheingau, the following 

 are good Rhenish wines: on the left bank, the 

 NiereiHteiner, Liehfrauenmilch (translated, Our 

 Lady's Milk), a mild wine growing near Worms, 



Laubenheimer, Baeheniclier; on the right bi.nk, 

 I lodiheimer. Among these wines, the Lauben- 

 heimer and Assmannshauser are the most agree- 

 able; the Hochheimer, Johannisberger and Geissen- 

 heimer, the most aromatic ; the Nierensteiner, 

 Markebrunner, Bacheracher and Riidesheimer, the 

 strongest and most fiery. Among the best vinta- 

 ges are those of 1748, 1760, 17G2, 1766, 1776, 

 1779, 1780, 1781, and more particularly those of 

 1783 and 1811; also that of 1822. Rhenish wines 

 improve much with age, and continue improving 

 longer than any other wines. Some wine-cellars 

 as that of the city of Bremen, have Rhenish wine 

 above 150 years old. See also Hock, and Moselle 

 Wines. 



RHETORIC is the art of clothing the thoughts 

 in the most agreeable and suitable form, to produce 

 persuasion, to excite the feelings, to communicate 

 pleasure. Speech is addressed to the understand- 

 ing, the will and the taste; it treats of the true, the 

 beautiful and the good; and is, therefore, didactic, 

 critical, and pathetic or practical. These different 

 objects are often united in the same work, which, 

 therefore, partakes of all the three characters above 

 mentioned, but, at the same time, one or the other 

 character so far prevails as to give a predominant 

 temper to the whole. In a narrower sense, rhetoric 

 is the art of persuasive speaking, or the art of the 

 orator, which teaches the composition and delivery 

 of discourses intended to move the feelings or 

 sway the will of others. These productions of the 

 rhetorical art are designed to be pronounced, in the 

 presence of hearers, with appropriate gesture and 

 declamation; and they often, therefore, require a dif- 

 ferent style of composition and arrangement from 

 those works which are intended for readers, or sim- 

 ply to be read and not oratorically declaimed, and 

 which are embraced in the jurisdiction of rhetoric 

 in its widest sense. The Romans distinguished 

 three kinds of eloquence the demonstrative, occu- 

 pied with praise or blame, and addressed to the 

 judgment ; the deliberative, which acts upon the 

 will and the inclinations by persuasion or dissua- 

 sion; and the judicial or forensic, which is used in 

 defending or attacking. The Greeks divided dis- 

 courses according to their contents as relating to 

 precepts (Koytus), manners (Mri), and feelings (&)), 

 and as, therefore, calculated to instruct, to please, 

 and to move a division easily reconcileable with 

 the former. The Romans had, also, a correspond' 

 ing division into the genus dicendi tenue, mediocrt 

 and sublime. Another division of eloquence, 

 founded on the subject to which it relates, is into 

 academical, sacred (pulpit eloquence) and political. 

 The two latter only allow of the lofty flights of 

 eloquence. In the wider sense, as above explained, 

 rhetoric treats of prose composition in general, 

 whether in the form of historical works, philoso- 

 phical dissertations, practical precepts, dialogues, 

 or letters, and, therefore, includes the considers 

 tion of all the qualities of prose composition, 

 purity of style, structure of sentence, figures of 

 speech, &c. ; in short, of whatever relates to clear- 

 ness, preciseness, elegance and strength of expres- 

 sion. In the narrower sense of rhetoric, as the art of 

 persuasive speaking, it treats of the invention and 

 disposition of the matter. The latter includes the 

 arrangement of the parts, which are the exordium 

 or introduction, narration (when necessary), proposi- 

 tion and division, proof or refutation, and conclusion 

 or peroration, and the elocution, which relates to 

 the style, and requires elegance, purity and preci- 

 sion. The delivery, or pronunciation, also falls 

 here. Aristotle, Cicero and Quintili.an are the prin- 

 cipal writers on rhetoric among the ancients ; and 



