RIAL RICCOBONI. 



867 



to separate the parts of words as much as possible, 

 which is called caesura, (q. v.) The Greeks dis- 

 tinguished the feet according to the number of 

 units of time contained in them. The Romans di- 

 vided them, according to the number of syllables, 

 into four of two syllables, eight of three syllables, 

 and sixteen of four syllables, and called them, with 

 the Greeks, thus: 



1. Feet of two Syllables 



^~* Pyrrhirlilus. 

 Spoiideus. 



^ Choreus, or Trochreus. 

 -> Iambus. 



2. Feet of three Syllables. 

 ^.^^ Tribrach ys. 



MoloiSIH. 



^-,^-x Daetylus. 



^ ^ Anapaestus. 



v_, v_ Amphibrachys. 



^ Amphimicer. 

 ^ Baccheus. 



^ Palimhacchetu), or Antibaoeheus. 



3. Feet of four Syllables. 

 *^^^^ Proceleiwmatlcus (Dipyrrhichlus.) 

 I)!- 1 ic i mil 'iis. 



^-/ Dichoreus, or Ditrochaeus. 

 ^ Dijambus. 



-* ^- Chorinmbus. 

 ^ A nUspostus. 



*- lonlcus a minore. 



^ lonlcus a majurp. 



^ -^ -^ Paeon primus. 

 *-* >-^- Paeon secundus. 

 -^ -~> Paeon terti us. 

 ^ - -~* Paeon quartus. 



*- Epitrltus primus. 



Epitrltus secundus. 



** Epitrltus tertius. 



^-- Epitrltus quiirtus. 



These feet are simple or compound, redundant or re- 

 trenched. The first consist of but one arsis and thesis, 

 as ^, . ^ , . _ ^ , j. _, j. _ , &c. The second 

 consist of two of each sort, of which one arsis and 

 thesis, taken together, is considered as a singlearsis or 



thesis, as ,, .i, ^., _<. .i. ^, ^, .' _^_, _!._-._, or _j . 



The third are such as contain, besides a simple foot, 

 a short prefix or affix, or in which feet of unlike 

 quantity are connected with each other, as _ j_ _^, _ 



i^~_^-*- ^; ^.^- ; -s-, J- ^ -i _, _ -L. -*- . ^ *. . 



The fourth sort are feet which, with two arsises. have 

 but one thesis, or have two arsises immediately suc- 

 ceeding each other without a thesis between, e. g. 



^--*-, _.*-_*.. Of the simple feet, those only which 

 have a long syllablein thearsis, and a shon syllable in 

 the thesis, afford natural variety, as _,_ _, L.^,^,^. ., 



>_. The trochee and dactyle, therefore, the 



iambus and anapest, are considered as the funda- 

 mental feet of all rhythm, with which the other feet 

 can be brought into connexion by resolving a long 

 syllable into two short ones, or by contracting two 

 short into one long. For more information, see 

 Verse, 



RIAL, REAL : a Spanish coin. (For the real de 

 plata (silver rial), see Coins.) The real de vellon 

 (copper rial) is equal to about two-pence farthing. 



RIALTO. See Venice. 



RIB. The ribs are long curved bones, placed in 

 an oblique direction at the sides of the chest. Their 

 number is generally twelve on each side ; but, in 

 some subjects, it has been found to be thirteen, and 

 in others, though more rarely, only eleven. They 

 are distinguished into true and false ribs. The 

 seven upper ribs, which are articulated to the ster- 

 num, are called true ribs, and the five lower ones, 

 which are not immediately attached to that bone, 

 are called false ribs. The use of the ribs is to give 

 form to tlie thorax, and to cover and defend the 



lungs ; also to assist in breathing ; for they are 

 joined to the vertebrae by regular hinges, which 

 allow of short motions, and to the sternum by cartil- 

 ages, which yield to the motion of the ribs, and 

 return again when the muscles cease to act. See 

 Respiration. 



R1BERA, GIUSEPPE. See Spagnoletto. 



R1CARDO, DAVID, a celebrated writer on 

 finance and statistics, was of a Jewish family, and 

 was born in London in 1772. His father was a 

 stock broker, and the son was intended for the same 

 profession. His character for probity, industry and 

 talent early procured him means of support ; and, 

 becoming a member of the stock exchange, he ac- 

 cumulated immense property. In 1810, he appeared 

 as a writer in the Morning Chronicle, on the subject 

 of the depreciation of the national currency ; and 

 he afierwurds embodied his ideas in a distinct work, 

 the reasonings of which were adopted in the Report 

 of the Bullion Committee of the house of commons. 

 He next published an Essay on Rent, in which he 

 advocated the principles of Malthus concerning 

 population. His most important production is his 

 treatise on Political Economy and Taxation, which 

 affords a luminous exposition of the origin and fluc- 

 tuations of national wealth and expenditure. In 

 1819, Mr Ricardo obtained a seat in parliament for 

 the Irish borough of Portarlington, and as a senator 

 attracted the respect and esteem of all parties. He 

 died in September, 1823. Mr Ricardo is said to 

 have been a Unitarian, though he usually attended 

 the service of the established church after renoun- 

 cing Judaism. 



RICCI, LORENZO, the last general of the Jesuits 

 previously to their suppression by pope Clement 

 XIII., was born at Florence in 1703, entered the 

 order at the age of fifteen, and, after having been 

 professor of rhetoric and philosophy at Sienna, he 

 became spiritual director at the Roman college, and 

 secretary of his order. In 1758, he succeeded to 

 the office of general on the death of Centurioni. 

 Resisting the suppression of the Jesuits, he was sent 

 to the castle of St Angelo, where he died in 1775. 

 (See Jesuits.) See his life, by Caraccioli. 



RICCI, SCIPIO, bishop of Pistoia and Prato, 

 nephew of the preceding, was born at Florence, in 

 1741. Being favoured oy the grand-duke of Tus- 

 cany, Leopold, he opened, at Pistoia, in 1786, a 

 synod, with a view to the propagation of some new 

 religious doctrines ; by which he incurred the dis- 

 pleasure of the pope, and was obliged to resign his 

 see. In 1779, he was imprisoned for declaring in 

 favour of the decrees of the constituent assembly, 

 which had been formed under the influence of the 

 French. Being set at liberty, he signed, in 1805, 

 a formula of adhesion, to the bulls which he had 

 objected to, and became reconciled to the holy see. 

 He died in 1810. In 1824, appeared the Vie el 

 Memoires de Scipion Ricci, by M. de Potter (trans- 

 lated into English, by T. Roscoe, 2 vols., 1829). 



RICCOBONI, LODOVICO, born at Modena in 

 1677, manifested an early passion for the theatre ; 

 and, having become the director of a theatrical 

 company at the age of twenty-two years he endea- 

 voured to reform the Italian theatre, by substituting 

 regular pieces for the miserable farces which then 

 had possession of the stage in Italy. (See Drama 

 and Italian Theatre.) Wearied with the opposition 

 made to his efforts by the perverse taste of his coun- 

 trymen, he went to Paris with his company, and 

 associated himself with Dominique and Romagnesi, 

 with great success. In 1729, the duke of Parma 

 appointed him inspector of the theatres in his domi- 

 nions ; but, in 1731, he returned to Paris, where he 

 devoted his last years to literature, and died in 1753, 

 3 i 2 



