RICE-BUNTING RICHARD I. 



869 



more intoxicating than the strongest wine; and an 

 ardent spirit, called rak or arrack, is also partly 

 made from it. The latter is chiefly manufactured 

 at Batavia, and at Gna, on the coast of Malabar, 

 and is said to be distilled from a mixture of the 

 infusion of rice and ot the juice of the cocoa-nut 

 tree. The general appellation of rice throughout 

 the East Indies is paddy. 



H1CEBUNTING, OR BOB-O-LINK (icterus 

 agriftcnnis, Bonap.; emberiza oryzivora, Wilson); 

 specific characters, tail-feathers very acute ; adult 

 male in spring dress, black ; the hind head, yellow- 

 ish-white ; scapulars, rump, and tail coverts, white, 

 tinged with ash ; female young, and male in early 

 autumn and winter dress, varied with brownish- 

 black and brownish-yellow, beneath dull yellow ; 

 the male with much more yellow. This bird 

 migrates over the continent of America from Lab- 

 rador to Mexico, and over the Great Antilles, ap- 

 pearing in the southern extremity of the United 

 States about the middle of March or beginning of 

 April. About the first of May, the bob-o-links 

 reach Massachusetts. The rearing of their young 

 takes place north of the fortieth degree of latitude. 

 Their food is insects and worms, and the seeds of 

 the grassy meadows. In the autumn, they some- 

 times attack the crops of oats and barley. The 

 song of the male continues, with little interruption, 

 as long as the female is sitting, and is singular and 

 pleasant ; it consists of a jingling medley of short, 

 variable notes, confused, rapid, and continuous. 

 The relish for song and merriment is confined to 

 the male, and diminishes as the period of incuba- 

 tion advances. The male generally loses his 

 musical talent about the end of the first week in 

 July, from which time, or somewhat earlier, his 

 plumage begins to lose its gay colours, and to 

 assume the humble hue of that of the female. 

 About the middle of August, they enter New York 

 and Pennsylvania, in vast foraging parties, on their 

 way to the south. There, along the shores of the 

 large rivers lined with floating fields of wild rice, 

 Ihey find abundant subsistence, grow fat, and their 

 flesh becomes little inferior in flavour to that of the 

 European ortolan ; on which account the reed or 

 rice birds, as they are then called, are shot in great 

 numbers. When the cool nights in October com- 

 mence, they move still farther south, till they reach 

 the islands of Cuba and Jamaica. 

 RICE GLUE. See Cements. 

 RICHARD I., king of England, surnamed Coeur 

 de Lion, second son of Henry II., by Eleanor of 

 Guienne, was born in 1157. In 1173, he was 

 induced by his mother to unite with his brothers, 

 Henry and Geoffry, and other confederates, in a 

 rebellion against his father, which, however, that 

 active prince soon quelled. This conduct he re- 

 peated on more than one occasion, until, in 1189, 

 lie openly joined the king of France, and, in the 

 war which ensued, pursued the unhappy Henry 

 from place to place, who, being at the same time 

 deserted by his youngest son, died, worn out with 

 chagrin and affliction, at Chinon, cursing his un- 

 dutiful and ungrateful children with his latest 

 breath. (See Henry //.) On this event, Richard 

 succeeded to the throne of England, and, visiting 

 his father's corpse the day after his decease, 

 expressed great remorse at his own conduct. 

 Having settled his affairs in France, he sailed to 

 England, and was crosvned at Westminster. He 

 prudently gave his confidence to his father's minis- 

 ters, and discountenanced all who had abetted his 

 own rebellion. He had taken the cross previously 

 to his accession, and now bent all his views to the 

 gratification of his martial ardour in the fields of 



the East. He raised money by the sale of the 

 crown property and offices, and by every other 

 means he could devise, including the remission of 

 a large sum of the vassalage imposed by his father 

 upon Scotland. He then sought an interview with 

 Philip of France, who had also taken the cross, in 

 which mutual conditions respecting their joint 

 operations were agreed upon. A great number of 

 English barons and others took the cross on this 

 occasion, to which enterprise a massacre of the 

 Jews, in several of the principal towns of the 

 kingdom, formed a prelude. At midsummer, 1190, 

 Richard and Philip united 100,000 of their bravest 

 subjects on the plains of Vezelai. Richard then 

 proceeded to embark at Marseilles, and the two 

 kings met at Messina, where they spent the winter. 

 Here Richard was joined by Berengaria, daughter 

 of Sanchez, king of Navarre, his intended wife ; 

 but, without staying to celebrate his nuptials, he 

 put to sea with his fleet, which was soon after dis- 

 persed by a storm. The king got into Crete; but 

 those of his ships which had his bride and his 

 sister, the queen of Sicily, on board, were driven 

 into Cyprus, where the king of that island impris- 

 oned the crew, and refused to deliver up the prin- 

 cesses. In revenge for this insult, Richard landed 

 his army, and obliged the king to surrender himself 

 and his sovereignty. In Cyprus, he consummated 

 his nuptials, and then embarked for Palestine. At 

 this period, the siege of Acre was carrying on by 

 the remnant of the army of the emperor Frederic, 

 and other Christian adventurers, and defended by 

 a Saracen garrison, supported by the celebrated 

 Saladin. (q. v.) The arrival of the two kings 

 infused new vigour into the besiegers, and the 

 place surrendered in July, 1191. This advantage 

 was, however, succeeded by mutual jealousies, 

 more especially excited by a contest for the crown 

 of Jerusalem, between Lusignan and Conrad of 

 Montferrat; the former being supported by Richard, 

 and the latter by the king of France. At length, 

 disgusted with a warfare in which he only acted a 

 secondary character, the latter returned to Europe, 

 leaving 10,000 men with Richard. A general 

 engagement took place, in which Richard, by the 

 greatest bravery and military skill, gained a com- 

 plete victory, which was followed by the possession 

 of Joppa, Ascalon, and other places. Richard 

 advanced within sight of Jerusalem ; but, the 

 greater part of the auxiliaries refusing to concur 

 in the siege, he retired to Ascalon, and, perceiving 

 his difficulties increase, concluded a truce with 

 Saladin, on condition that Acre, Joppa, and the 

 other seaports of Palestine, should remain in the 

 hands of the Christians, who were also to enjoy 

 full liberty of performing pilgrimages to Jerusalem. 

 Richard now prepared to return to England, but 

 previously concurred in the election of Conrad 

 [almost immediately after assassinated) to the 

 nominal sway of Jerusalem, and bestowed his con- 

 quered kingi'um of Cyprus upon Lusignan. He 

 embarked at Acre in October, 1 L92, and sailed for 

 the Adriatic ; but was wrecked near Aquileia. 

 Taking the disguise of a pilgrim, he pursued his 

 way through Germany, until, being discovered near 

 Vienna, he was arrested by the order of Leopold, 

 duke of Austria, who, having received an affront 

 from him in Palestine, seized this opportunity to 

 gratify his avarice and revenge. The emperor, 

 Henry VI., who had also a quarrel with Richard, 

 for his alliance with Tancred, the usurper of the 

 crown of Sicily, hearing of his captivity, demanded 

 him from Leopold, who gave him up, on the stipu- 

 lation of a portion of his ransom. While Richard 

 was imprisoned, his brother John, had taken up 



