468 



SURREY SUSSEX. 



productive hind in England. The soils of Surrey 

 may be divided into clay, loam, and chalk. The 

 Weold of Stirroy in the "south, about thirty miles 

 by four, is a pale, cold, retentive clay. Farther 

 north it is chiefly loam across the whole county, 

 and near Godalming, it has great depth reposing on 

 an iron-veined sandstone. The chalky downs now 

 begin, and have a breadth of about seven miles. 

 Besides the crops common to other counties, there 

 is a great deal of clover and sainfoin cultivated on 

 the hills, and wood is also raised in the same dis- 

 tricts to a great extent. Plants for druggists and 

 perfumers are extensively cultivated near London, 

 and superior hops are raised near Farnham. 



Surrey has no particular breed of cattle. It 

 supports many cows for the supply of London with 

 milk, which are chiefly of the short-horned or 

 Holderness breed. Cows of the Staffordshire breed 

 are common and highly esteemed. The horses 

 generally employed are usually large, heavy, and 

 black. Great numbers of sheep are bred in the 

 central and western districts. The most common 

 are the South Downs, Wiltshire, and Dorsetshire. 

 Great numbers of hogs arc fattened at the distil- 

 leries and starch manufactories. House lamb-suck- 

 ling is a great object with the farmers. In the 

 Weold, geese are reared in great numbers on the 

 commons. The Dorking fowls, which are large, 

 nandsome, and perfectly white, with fire claws on 

 each foot, are well known. 



The manufactures of Surrey are numerous and 

 extensive, but the most important belong to London. 

 On the banks of the Wandle are large establish- 

 ments for bleaching and calico printing. At Bed- 

 dington there are large flour mills, skinning mills, 

 calico-printing works, and bleaching greens. At 

 Carshalton the same business is carried on, with 

 the addition of a large cotton factory, paper mills, 

 and several snuff and oil mills ; and Mitcham and 

 Morton are celebrated for their extensive calico and 

 bleaching establishments. The principal objects of 

 manufacture are starch, tobacco, snuff, gunpowder, 

 paper, vinegar, leather, earthen ware, wax, and 

 hats. Population in 1831, 486,326. 

 SURREY. See Howard, Henry. 

 SURROGATE: one who is substituted or ap- 

 pointed in the room of another ; as the bishop or 

 chancellor's surrogate (from the Latin surrogare.) 



SURSOLID, in arithmetic and algebra; the 

 fifth power, or fourth multiplication of any number 

 or quantity, considered as a root. See Hoot. 



SURTURBRAND, fossil wood, impregnated 

 more or less with bitumen, is found in great abun- 

 dance in Iceland. A bed of it extends nearly 

 through the whole of the north-western part of the 

 island. It is, in fact, a subterranean forest, im- 

 pregnated with bituminous sap, and compressed by 

 the weight of the superincumbent rocks. Branches 

 and leaves are pressed together in a compact mass ; 

 but the fibres of each may be distinctly traced. 

 The surturbrand is used by the Icelanders chiefly 

 in their smithies, and in small quantities. It is 

 sometimes so little mineralized as to be employed 

 for timber. Surtur is the name of the northern 

 god of fire. See Northern Mythology. 



SURVEYING, in a general sense, denotes 

 the art of measuring the angular and linear dis- 

 tances of objects, so as to be able to delineate 

 their several positions on paper, and to ascertain 

 the superficial area, or space between them. It is 

 a branch of applied mathematics, and supposes 

 a good knowledge of arithmetic and geometry. 



It is of two kinds, land surveying and marine sur- 

 veying, the former having generally in view the 

 measure or contents of certain tracts of land, 

 and the latter the position of beacons, towers, 

 shoals, coasts, &c. Those extensive operations 

 which have for their object the determination of 

 the latitude and longitude of places, and the length 

 of terrestrial arcs in different latitudes, also fall 

 under the general term surveying, though they are 

 frequently called trigonometrical surveys, or geodetic 

 operations, and the science itself geodesy. (See 

 Trigonometry, Degrees, Heights, and Triangle.) 

 Land surveying consists of three distinct opera- 

 tions: 1. the measuring of the several lines and 

 angles : 2. protracting or laying down the same on 

 paper, so as to form a correct map of an estate or 

 country ; 3. the computation of the superficial 

 contents, as found by the preceding operation. 

 Various instruments are used for the purpose of 

 taking the dimensions, the most indispensable of 

 which is the chain commonly called Gunter's chain, 

 which is 22 yards long, and is divided into 100 

 links, each 7 '92 inches : 10 of these square chains, 

 or 100,000 square links, is one acre. This is used 

 for taking the linear dimensions when the area of 

 the land is required ; but when only the position of 

 objects is to be determined, a chain of 50 or 100 

 feet is more commonly used. A great deal of labour 

 is frequently saved by having proper instruments 

 for measuring angles. The most usual and the 

 best adapted for this purpose are the circumferentor, 

 theodolite, and semicircle. The surveyor's cross, 

 or cross-staff, is likewise very convenient for raising 

 perpendiculars. For surveying in detail, the plain 

 table is the best instrument. Of the German works 

 on this subject, Meyer's Unterricht zur praklischen 

 Geometric (1815), and Lehmann's Anweisung zur 

 richtigen Erkennung und genauen Abbildung der 

 Erdoberflache (1812), deserve to be recommended. 

 See Topography. 



SUS. PER COLL. On the trial of criminals in 

 England, the usage at the assizes is for the judge 

 to sign the calendar, or list of all the prisoners' 

 names, with their separate judgments in the margin. 

 For a capital felony, the sentence " Hanged by the 

 neck" is written opposite the prisoner's name. 

 Formerly, in the days of Latin and abbreviation, 

 the phrase used was sus. per col., for suspendatur 

 per collum. 



SUSQUEHANNA, the largest river of Pennsyl- 

 vania, is formed by two branches which unite at 

 Northumberland. The east branch rises in Otsego 

 lake, in New York: the western branch rises in 

 Huntingdon county, Pennsylvania. After their 

 junction, the river flows south-east into the head 

 of Chesapeake bay, and is one and one fourth mile 

 wide at its mouth. It is navigable only five miles. 



SUSSEX; a maritime county of England, 

 bounded on the north by Kent and Surrey, on the 

 east by Kent, on the south by the British channel, 

 and on the west by Hampshire. Its figure is that 

 of an oblong, about seventy miles in length from 

 east to west, and its utmost breadth from north to 

 south twenty-six miles. The general appearance 

 of the county is rich and fertile. Formerly the 

 whole northern part was one continued forest, and 

 it still contains some of the finest oaks in the 

 kingdom, which are in great demand for the use ot 

 the navy. The soil in most places consists of a 

 stiff deep clay, with the usual variations of sand, 

 loam, gravel, and chalk ; of the latter substance, 

 there is a whole range of hills called the South 



