TAMBOURING. 



519 



F", fig. 1 . ami 3. bearer (or claw) fixed upon the upper side of 

 the frame F , and by which it is fastened to the pantograph. 



/; fourth angle of the parallelogram, which forms the panto- 

 graph. 



G, fig. 1 . 2. and 3. four rollers or cylindrical beams of wood 

 adjusted upon the vertical posts of the cloth frame. 



G' two rod? (or rails'! fixed upon the same posts, and serving 

 to preserve in the same vertical plane the cloth rolled 

 upon each system of beams. 



(!, toothed wheels (of support) mounted upon one of the ends 

 of the rollers G. 



', catohes which hold the wheels g. 



G' cloth. 



g", fig. 1. pack threads which stretch the cloth laterally. 



H, guides fixed to the under sides of the cloth frame. 



A, fig. 1 . and 2. bent claws (or bearers) which support the 

 rails H. 



H', grooved pulleys (or wheels) upon which the rails H work. 



ft' A' fig 1. and 4. knives (or edges) upon which are borne the 

 capes of the pulleys H'. 



H', large levers which carry at one end the capes of the 

 pulleys H-,and at the other end a counter weight I, fig. 2. 



h", the two extremities of the forks of the levers H 



I moveable counter- weight upon the ends of the levers H", 

 fig. 2. 



1', main beam upon which the levers H" are mounted and sup- 

 ported, in order that they may give solidity to each other, 

 and that the two ends of the frame may he depressed 

 and raised with the same force, fig. 2. 



I", the two supports of the extremities of the main beam I', fig. 

 1. and 2. 



t, two iron feet, having a vertical cleft in which the under side 

 of the frame works, and serving to keep to the same level 

 during its movements. 



J, fig. 2. pulleys mounted upon the extreme beams of the frame. 



J- and J", -jieces which support the pulley J, fig. 2. 



j, endless chain. 



/ and/', point to which the extremities of the endless chain 

 are attached, fig. 2 



K, fig. 1. 2. and 5. Rods which support the carriages ; fig. 5. 

 shows one of these rods looking from above, with the ap- 

 pendices k by which it is fixed upon the brackets (pro- 

 jections) of the beams of the frame. 



K , fig. 2. piece bolted to the two beams A D and A C, and sup- 

 porting the extremity of the axle P '. 



k, appendices of the rods K. 



L, fig. 1. 2. and 6. main beam of the carriage, bearing at its two 

 extremities appendices I, by which it is attached to the 

 pinion supporters /, and carrying besides appendices, q g 

 intended to receive the great branches Q Q. 



i. appendices by which the main beam L is fixed upon the 

 pinion f . 



I/, pinions which bear the carriage upon the rods K. 



f pinion supporters, forked at the two ends, to receive the axles 

 of the pinions L', fig. 2. 



M M', fig. 1. and 2. toothed wheels, mounted npon the anterior 

 extremity of the axles M" and on the outside of the 

 frame. 



m, fig. 1. toothed wheel mounted upon the main beam M'- 

 inside the frame. 



MM', two main beams turning in the sockets fixed upon the 

 great beams of the frame, A D, A'D' and A C, A'C'. 



m, bolt traversing the piece /, and supporting the pinion which 

 works under the rail K. 



m", a piece supported also by the bolt m', and serving to fasten 

 the two extremities of the endless chain, fig. 2. 



N, fig. 1. and 2. handle by means of which the wheel O'' fig. 2. 

 is turned in sending forward or bringing back the car- 

 riage. 



a n'n", Jointed (elbowed) lever, carrying two toothed wheels 

 O' and O r , and having its point of support in o upon the 

 cross beam o. 



O, cross beam uniting the sides of the frame A C and A D. 



0, the point of support of the lever n n'n". 



O' and O", two toothed wheels working always together, 

 mounted upon the points n' and n" of the jointed lever 

 n ' n'', and moving with it. 



P, fig. 1. and 2. two pedals moving upon the axis p, which is 

 fixed. 



P' f Pulleys mounted upon the axle p", and moveable with it. 



p'. Cords which bind the pedals P to the pulleys P'. 



P", Axis of the pulleys P*. 



p", piece fixed to the extremity of the axis P" : it is toothed 

 two-thirds of its circumference ; the remaining portion is 

 prolonged, and carries a pin which works in the forked 

 end of the lever n o and gives it the motion. 



Q Q. fig- 1- 2. and 6. Great cast branches (beams) mounted 

 upon the main beam by means of the appendices q q. 



R, fig. 1 . main beam sustained at the lower part of the frame, 

 by two sockets r' '. 



1 . toothed sector, borne at the extremity of the beam R and 



working with the pinion p". 

 S, fig. 1. 2. and G. prismatic rod bearing the pincers ; it is fixed 



between the two consecutive branches <j Q, by means of 



the ears rf. 



T, figs. 8. 9. 10. and 11. lower jaw of the pincer. 

 t, vice which serve to fix it on the prismatic rod. 

 T, plate having a hole through which the needle engages itself 



in the pincer. 



f, spring intended to raise the end of the upper jaw. 

 V, upper jaw. 

 , ear by which the upper jaw joins itself, by means of a peg 



with the lower jaw. 



V% fig-. 12. needle of the natural size. 



U, fig. 1. a beam borne at the extremity of the branches Q Q, 

 the cut of which is-seen in figs. 6. 7. and separately in 

 fig. 13. 



u, fig. 6. a kind of fork bearing the axis U. 



u; peg which catches the axis U in its forks. 



XX. fig. Land 2. two perpendicular rods, hooked, gliding 

 against the branches Q Q, to which they are adapted. 



r, sectors catching with the hooks of the rods X, and mounted 

 on the beam with which they turn. 



.r', pins fixed perpendicularly to the bottom of the rods X. 



Y Y', fig. 1. beams mounted on the branches Q, and turning 

 freely in the gullet. 



y y f , little bars perpendicular to the axis Y. 



y, counterpoise adapted to the small lever fixed perpendicu- 

 larly to the axis Y. 



w, little bar at the extremity of the axis Y, and intended to 

 make the beam turn at the moment when it leaves it. 



w', pin mounted on the frame, and against which the little bar 

 w glides. 



w", two uttle bars, mounted, one on the upper beam Y Y, the 

 other on the lower beam Y'Y' ; they are reunited by a 

 wire, so that the motion of the beam Y Y draws along 

 that of the beam Y'Y'. 



Z Z, branches fixed perpendicularly to the axis R, each of these 

 branches so terminated by two forks z z, fig. 2. ; the one 

 at the front end, the other at the back end. 



z z', forks which terminate the branches Z Z, and which are in- 

 tended to receive the pins of the toothed rods X X. 



No. 1. horizontal section of the upright post A B seen from 

 above, and showing the thickness of the piece and the 

 form of the foot n. 



No. 2. section of the rod K. 



No. 3. side and front view of the pinion p". 



Tambour, in fortification ; a piece of work formed 

 of palisades planted close together and driven into 

 the ground, for the purpose of enclosing an open 

 work. Tambours are sometimes erected before the 

 gates of a city, or fortified post. 



TAMBOURINE, OR TAMBOUR DE 

 BASQUE ; one of the most ancient musical instru- 

 ments. Wherever we find Hebrew music men- 

 tioned, the tambourine or timbrel also appears. 

 The triumphal song of Miriam, after the passage of 

 the Israelites through the Red sea, shows how 

 early vocal music was accompanied by such instru- 

 ments and by dancing. The invention of the tam- 

 bourine, or drum beaten by the hand, would seem 

 naturally to have taken place very early, as it is 

 very simple ; and many domestic instruments would 

 easily suggest it. How many objects do children 

 turn into a drum ! And, in fact, such instruments 

 are generally found, even among the rudest tribes. 

 The use of the tambourine, on sacred or solemn 

 occasions, has descended to modern times, from the 

 Egyptian feasts of Bacchus. In the Bacchanalian 

 songs of the M^nades, on the Thracian mountains, 

 we find continual mention of the drums (kettle 

 drums and tambourines). In the orgies, only the 

 lyre and the flute were originally permitted to ac- 

 company the song ; but when, according to the 

 fable, Bacchus himself, attended by Satyrs, Fauns 

 and Bacchanals, appeared at the festivals, they 

 brought with them drums, sistrums, and horns. 

 Those musical instruments which are played on by 

 beating, and hence indicate the rhythm most dis- 

 tinctly, have always been very popular at festivals. 

 Luther translated the Hebrew word toph by Pauhe 

 (drum). In English, it is timbrel. The Greeks 

 call it rvftx-ato* ; the Romans, tympanum ; the Ara- 

 bians, deff (tambour, in the East, is the name of the 

 guitar) ; the Spaniards, adufe (a word of Arabic 

 origin, and probably carried, with the instrument 

 itself, by the Moors, to Spain). In the East, it 

 was always played on by maidens at the feast and 

 dance, and therefore cannot be compared to our 

 drum. In the middle ages, we find this instrument 

 mentioned among the many used by the Trouba- 

 dours and minstrels. In those times, it was called 

 tambour and cioquette, and appeared in every con- 

 cert. The present tambourine consists of a wooden 



