TAMBRONI TANCREO. 



or brazen hoop, over which a skin is extended, and 

 which is hung with bell*. Sometimes the thumb 

 of the right hand is drawn inpa circle over the skin ; 

 sometimes the fingers are struck against it. Gene- 

 rally, the hoop has a hole, to give admission to the 

 thumb of the li-ft hiind ; on this the instrument is 

 supported during the performance, which may be 

 made very graceful by various movements of the 

 body, on account of which the tambourine is gene- 

 rally an attribute of the muse of dancing. The 

 larger tambourine is called tambour de Basque, be- 

 cause it is used in Biscay to accompany all the na- 

 tional songs and dances. Steibelt (a German) has 

 recently composed pleasing and brilliant pieces for 

 the pianoforte with the accompaniment of the tam- 

 bourine. 



TAMBRONI, JOSFPH, an Italian poet and his- 

 torian, born at Bologna, in 1773. He studied in 

 the university there ; and, in 1794, was elected 

 palaeographer, or inspector of the archives of his 

 native city. When the French invaded Lombardy, 

 he attached himself to Marescalcbi, whom he ac- 

 companied to the congress of Rastadt and to Vienna, 

 as secretary of the Cisalpine legation. On the re- 

 turn of the Austrians to Italy, Tambroni found an 

 asylum in the mountains of Savoy ; but he re- 

 turned after the battle of Marengo and the founda- 

 tion of the Cisalpine republic. He was then at- 

 tached to the Italian legation at Paris, under his 

 friend count Marescalchi ; and, in 1809, he became 

 consul at Leghorn, and two years after at Rome. 

 On the fall of the imperial government, in 1814, 

 he retired from public life, and engaged in conduct- 

 ing the Giornale Arcadico. Tambroni died at 

 Rome, in 1824. Among his works are Compendia 

 delle Storie di Polonia (2 vols.), Intorno alia Vita 

 di Canova, besides many letters and poems. 



TAMBRONI, CLOTILDA, sister of the preced- 

 ing, distinguished for her acquaintance with Greek j 

 literature, was born in 1738, and, from her early 

 years, displayed an invincible attachment for study, 

 in consequence of which her parents afforded her 

 the means of instruction. She was admitted into 

 the Arcadian academy at Rome, the Etruscan aca- 

 demy at Cortona, and the Clementine at Bologna ; 

 and, in 1794, the professorship of the Greek lan- 

 guage was bestowed on her, which she retained till 

 1798, when she was displaced because she refused 

 to take the oath of hatred to royalty, required by 

 the laws of the Cispadane republic. She was after- 

 wards restored by Bonaparte ; but the Greek pro- 

 fessorship being at length suppressed, she retired to 

 the bosom of her family. Her death happened June 

 4, 1817. Her works consist chiefly of poems writ- 

 ten in Greek, among which is an elegy in honour of 

 Bodoni, the celebrated printer. 

 TAMERLANE. See Timour. 

 TAMMEAMEA, OR TAMAHAMA, king of 

 the Sandwich isles, in the Pacific ocean, was one of 

 those individuals who are destined to produce a 

 great effect on the state of society around them. 

 He belonged to the race of the native chiefs ; and 

 at the death of captain Cook, in 1780, he had ar- 

 rived at manhood ; but he had no concern in that 

 event. Tirrioboo, the king of Hawaii, the largest 

 of the Sandwich islands, having offended his prin- 

 cipal officers, he was put to death, and Tammeamea 

 was chosen to succeed him. He soon showed ex- 

 traordinary talents for his situation ; and it was a 

 part of his policy to encourage the settlement of 

 European mariners and others in his dominions. 

 When captain Vancouver visited Hawaii, Tam- 



meamea put himself under the protection of that 

 ftfficer, as the representative of the king of Great 

 Britain ; and, as the price of his submission, he was 

 assisted in building a fine vessel, which afforded a 

 model for the construction of several more. Tam- 

 meamea thus formed a fleet, with which he con- 

 quered the adjoining islands, and traded to China. 

 He subsequently erected a fort on the island of 

 Oahoo, and obtained from the Russians some artil- 

 lery ; while, by encouraging the trading of his MI|>- 

 jects with navigators, he added to his own wealth 

 and importance as well as that of his people. This 

 enterprising monarch died in March, 1819. R^iio 

 Rhio, the son and successor of Tammeamea, having 

 made a visit to England, together with his qtirrn. 

 in 1824, both their majesties died in London, after 

 a few months' residence, in consequence of a disease 

 arising from change of climate and habits of life. 



TAN, TANA, TANIA; an ending common to 

 a great many names in the Oriental languages, as 

 well as those of Europe, signifying country or place 

 possessed by ; Mauritania (country of the Moors). 



TANAIS. See Don. 



TANCRED, with Godfrey of Bouillon, the soul 

 of the first crusade, was born in 10"8. History 

 gives us no information concerning his father, a 

 Sicilian or Italian marquis ; but his mother was the 

 sister of the celebrated Norman, Robert Guiscard, 

 whose eldest son, Bohemond, was the friend and 

 brother in arms of Tancred. (See Guiscard ) In 

 1096, the two heroes embarked for Epirus, and 

 thence marched to Macedonia. Tancred was pre- 

 sent in the van or the rear, wherever danger was 

 to be found, and more than once saved the army 

 from destruction in the snares of the Greeks. On 

 the plains of Chalcedon he united his forces with 

 those of Godfrey ; and here they formed that com- 

 pact which Tasso has celebrated in his Jerusalem 

 Delivered. At the siege of Nice (1097), Tancred 

 first appears among the heroes who directed the 

 course of events, and in the battle of Dorylaeum, in 

 which his younger brother fell, he saved the army 

 of the crusaders, when surrounded by 200,000 

 Seljooks. Godfrey's brother Baldwin and Tancred 

 now advanced over the Taurus towards Jerusalem, 

 a distance of nearly 1000 miles, through an unknown 

 and desolate region, for the purpose of exploring 

 the route. Tancred first penetrated through the 

 passes of the mountains, and obtained possession of 

 Tarsus by capitulation. Baldwin followed him 

 and was faithless enough to take possession of the 

 town ostensibly for his brother, but virtually for 

 himself. Tancred, though exasperated at this act 

 of treachery, nobly exclaimed, " Shall I stain my 

 lance with the blood of my brethren?" and, advanc- 

 ing to Memistra, took the place by storm. Bald- 

 win attempted to repeat his perfidious act, and 

 Tancred now suffered himself to be so far carried 

 away by his resentment, as to turn his arms against 

 him ; but the quarrel terminated in the reconcilia- 

 tion of the chiefs. Tancred next marched against 

 Antiocb, the capture of which was delayed seven 

 months, by the diseases, want of provisions, and in- 

 | subordination, which prevailed in the Christian 

 ! army. The garrison left by the Crusaders in the 

 ] city, was surrounded by a Persian army, which was 

 defeated by Tancred. After Easter, in 1099, the 

 crusaders set forward for the conquest of Jerusalem. 

 Tancred took Bethlehem, and pressed forward to 

 be the first to see the walls of the holy city. Im- 

 mediately after his arrival before Jerusalem, he cap- 

 tured an advanced work, which is still called Tun- 



