546 



TEL AMON TELESCOPE. 



once mure carried in chains to Adrianople, and soon 

 alter named prince of Widdin. Hi- it-turned to 

 Turkey after the peace of Carlowitz (1099;), and 

 ended his unquiet life near Nicomedia, in Asia Mi- 

 nor, in 1705. Tokoly was a man of lofty courage, 

 of great sagacity and foresight, and of an imper- 

 turbable presence of mind. 



TELAMON. See Argonauts. 



TELEGRAPH (from TXI, at a distance, and 

 ?($*, to write) ; the name given to a piece of 

 mechanism for the rapid communication of intelli- 

 gence by signals. (See Signals, and Chappe.) Dr 

 Hooke's telegraph (described in the Philosophical 

 Transactions for the year 1684) is the first on record, 

 in modern times, applicable to universal purposes. 

 It consisted in exposing, in succession, from behind 

 a screen, certain figures in the day time, or an ar- 

 rangement of torches by night, representing all the 

 letters of the alphabet. See Plate LXXXIX, fig. 

 1 , in which the screen is shown by a, and the char- 

 acter by b. In 1784, Richard Level Edge worth 

 proposed a telegraph, consisting of several posts, 

 having at the top of each a movable cone or tri- 

 angle, so that by their various positions, they might 

 express certain numbers or letters. (See Plate 

 LXXXIX, fig. 2.) This contrivance, though sim- 

 ple and easy, was, we believe, never reduced to 

 practice. Chappe's telegraph (see fig. 3.) consists 

 of an upright post, on the top of which is suspended, 

 by a pivot, a transverse beam, each extremity of 

 which supports a movable arm. By adjusting .this 

 beam, and its arms in different positions, various 

 combinations are produced, capable of expressing 

 words and sentences, an explanation of which is af- 

 forded by a key. Lord George Murray's telegraph 

 was adopted by the admiralty in 1795, and con- 

 tinued in use for 20 years. It is represented at 

 fig. 5. and consists of six shutters of a square or 

 octagonal form, which turn on pivots within the 

 compartments of a double frame. Colonel Mac- 

 donald, the most voluminous writer on telegraphs, 

 proposed, in 1808, the machine shown in fig. 6. 

 which is an extension of the shutter system. In 

 1816, Sir Home Popham proposed a telegraph or a 

 construction of the same nature with that of Co- 

 lonel Pasley, (published in his Polygrammatic Te- 

 legraph, 1807,) being nothing more than two 

 movable arms on separate pivots on the same 

 mast. (See fig. 4.) The universal telegraph, 

 invented by colonel Pasley in 1822, has two arms, 

 each of which can exhibit seven positions, with 

 an indicator or mark on one side of the post, for the 

 purpose of distinguishing the positions more accu- 

 rately. This machine is capable of indicating only 

 twenty-eight different combinations, which are, 

 however, found to be sufficient for telegraphic com- 

 munication, whether by the alphabetical method, or 

 in reference to a telegraphic dictionary of words 

 and sentences. Figs. 7 and 8 represent the differ- 

 ent positions in which the Universal Telegraph 

 may be displayed ; the latter with lanterns attached 

 for night signals. Several telegraphic dictionaries 

 have been composed. A series of telegraphs are 

 placed at intervals, and information is thus com- 

 municated with great rapidity. Twenty-seven te- 

 legraphs convey information from Paris to Calais in 

 three minutes ; twenty-two from Paris to Lisle in 

 two minutes ; forty-six from Strasburg to Paris in 

 six and a half minutes, and eighty from Paris to 

 Brest in ten minutes. At the time of the French 

 expedition to Algiers, nocturnal telegraphs were 

 erected, with lanterns of powerful magnifying 



glasses, and strong reflect orp, and lighted with gas. 

 A portable telegraph, which may be used by night 

 and by day, has recently been invented in France, 

 and has received the name of Airwjrnphc. Of late 

 years, several very interesting experiments have 

 been made of the practicability of conveying intel- 

 ligence with the speed of lightning, by means of 

 galvanism. These will come to be explained in the 

 supplement to this work. 



TELEMACHUS; a son of Ulysses and Pene- 

 lope. He was still in the cradle when his father 

 went, with the rest of the Greeks, to the Trojan 

 war. At the end of this celebrated war, Telema- 

 chus, anxious to see his father, went to seek him ; 

 and, as the place of his residence, and the cause of 

 his long absence, were then unknown, he visited 

 the court of Menelaus and Nestor to obtain infor- 

 mation. He afterwards returned to Ithaca, where 

 the suitors of his mother Penelope had conspired to 

 murder him ; but he avoided their snares, and, by 

 means of Minerva, he discovered his father, who had 

 arrived in the island two days before him, and was 

 then in the house of Eumaus. With this faithful 

 servant and Ulysses, Telemachus concerted how to 

 deliver his mother from the importunities of her 

 suitors ; and it was effected with great success. 

 After the death of his father, Telemachus went to 

 the island of -ZEsea, where he married Circe, or, ac- 

 cording to some^Cassiphone, the daughter of Circe, 

 by whom he had a son called Latin us. He some 

 time after had the misfortune to kill his mother-in- 

 law Circe, and fled to Italy, where he founded Clu- 

 sium. Telemachus was accompanied in his visit to 

 Nestor and Menelaus by the goddess of wisdom, 

 under the form of Mentor. It is said that when a 

 child, Telemachus fell into the sea, and that a 

 dolphin brought him safe to shore, after he had re- 

 mained some time under water. From this circum- 

 stance Ulysses had the figure of a dolphin engraved 

 on the seal which he wore on his ring. See Pension. 



TELEMANN, Gio. PHILIP ; one of the greatest 

 and most voluminous musical composers, who 

 flourished in Germany during the former portion of 

 the last century. He was born at Hildesheim, in 

 1681. In 1740, his overtures, on the model of 

 those of Lulli, amounted to six hundred. The list 

 of his printed works, which appeared in Walther's 

 Musical Lexicon in 1732, extended to twenty-nine ; 

 and fifteen more are specified in Gerber's Continua- 

 tion of Walther; but double the number of those 

 printed were long circulated in manuscript from the 

 music shops of Leipsic and Hamburg. His later 

 compositions are said to be pleasing, graceful and 

 refined. Telemann, who lived to a great age, drew 

 up a well-written account of his own life, in the 

 earlier part of which he was the fellow-student and 

 intimate acquaintance of Handel. He died in 1767, 

 at Hamburg. 



TELEOLOGY (from TI\<H, the end, aim, and 

 Xayf, science) ; the doctrine of final causes. It 

 treats of the wise and benevolent ends shown in the 

 structure of individual creatures, and in their con. 

 nexion, and in the connexion and consequences of 

 events, from which it deduces the existence and 

 character of the Creator. Delightful as it is to trace 

 the proofs of wisdom and benevolence in the crea- 

 tion around us, we should be careful not to narrow 

 the purposes of God to our own notions, not to be 

 illiberal towards those who differ from us, nor to 

 conceive that the earth was made solely for the 

 use of man a very confined, but too common opinion. 



TELESCOPE (from raXi, at a distance, and 



