572 



TESTAMENT TETZEL. 



their race, and, in fact, were but a further deve- 

 lopement, or the perfect completion of them. The 

 Mosaic dispensation was, therefore, in conformity 

 to the divine will, represented as a league or cove- 

 nant between God and the Hebrew nation; a 

 league which solemnly engaged the Hebrews to 

 worship Jehovah alone as the only true God, anil 

 to obey his commandments faithfully, while, in 

 return, they received the divine promise that they 

 should be regarded as a chosen people, while they 

 continued faithful and obedient. (See Exodus, 

 ch. xxiv, and Jeremiah xxxi, 22.) The intimate 

 connexion which exists between the Hebrew reve- 

 lation and the more perfect dispensation announced 

 by Christ, for which, in the course of divine Provi- 

 dence, the former was but a preparation, would 

 naturally lead Jesus and his apostles to designate 

 the new religion as a new and more perfect cove- 

 nant, made, through the mediation of Christ, be- 

 tween God and the whole human race, without 

 distinction or exclusion. The sacred and elevated 

 idea of such a covenant corresponds with the whole 

 spirit and character of Christianity, considered as a 

 positive, revealed religion. Whilst God proclaims, 

 through Christ, forgiveness of sins and eternal 

 happiness to all men who evince a firm, living, 

 active faith in Jesus, men are bound, through 

 Christ, to comply with these conditions of salva- 

 tion. In this sense, the Christian Scriptures often 

 speak of an old and a new, the first and the second 

 covenant (see the Gospel of St Matthew, xxvi, 28 ; 

 Si Mark, xiv, 24; Hebr., viii, 8. ix, 15; Galatians, 

 iv, 24) ; and the Hebrew Scriptures themselves 

 are called the old covenant (2 Cor. iii, 14). The 

 language of the Bible itself sufficiently explains, 

 therefore, why the early Christian church called 

 its sacred writings the "books of the new cove- 

 nant" (xeut }iaf**n). The Latin vulgate, then, 

 having, as we have before observed, used this ex- 

 pression testamentum (as in Gen. ix, 9, 12; xiii, 15), 

 it became common to designate the Scriptures as 

 the books of the Old and New Testament, in the 

 sense of old and new covenant (see, for instance, 

 Tertullian's treatises against Marcion, b. iv, ch. 1, 

 and against Praxeas,) and not in the common sense 

 of the word, last will. 



TESTAMENT. See Will. 



TESTUDO, in zoology. See Tortoise. 



TESTUDO, in the military art of the ancients, 

 was a kind of cover or screen which the soldiers 

 (e. g., a whole company) made themselves of their 

 bucklers, by holding them up over their heads, 

 and standing close to each other. This expedient 

 served to shelter them from darts, stones, &c., 

 thrown upon them, especially those thrown from 

 above, when they went to the assault. 



Ttstudo was also a kind of large wooden tower, 

 which moved on several wheels, and was covered 

 with bullocks' hides, serving to shelter the soldiers 

 when they approached the walls to mine them, or 

 to batter them with rams. 



TETANUS (from **>&>, I stretch) ; a spasmodic 

 rigidity of the whole body. The body becomes 

 stiff, the breathing heavy, but the senses remain 

 uninjured. If the lower jaw is drawn to the upper 

 with such force that they cannot be separated, the 

 disorder is called locked jaw (trismus). 



TETHYS ; in mythology, the greatest of the 

 sea deities, wife of Oceanus, and daughter of Ura- 

 nus and Terra. She was mother of the chief rivers 

 of the universe, such as the Nile, the Alpheus, 

 the Maeander, Simois, Peneus, &c., and about 



3000 daughters, called Oceanides. Tethys is con- 

 founded, by some mythologists, with her grand- 

 daughter Thetis, the wife of Peleus and the mother 

 of Achilles. Her name signifies nurse, and seems 

 to contain an allusion to the old notion, that water 

 was necessary for the generation and nourishment 

 of all things. The word Tethys is poetically used 

 to express the sea. 



TETRACHORD, with the ancient Greeks ; a 

 scale of four tones. The ancients divided their 

 musical system into tetraehords, as we divide ours 

 into octaves. Therefore they only required, in 

 their singing schools, four syllables for solmization, 

 whilst, in modern times, six syllables were intro- 

 duced by Aretino. The tetraehords were originally 

 only diatonic; at a later period, also, chromatic and 

 enharmonic. 



TETRAEDRON, OR TETRAHEDRON, in 

 geometry, is one of the five Platonic or regular 

 bodies or solids, comprehended under four equila- 

 teral and equal triangles ; or it is a triangular py- 

 ramid of four equal and equilateral faces. 



TETRAGON, in geometry ; a quadrangle, or 

 figure with four angles. 



TETRALOGY. See Trilogy. 



TETRANDRIA; the fourth class in Linnaeus's 

 sexual system. 



TETRAPLA; a Bible disposed, by Origen, un- 

 der four columns, in each of which was a different 

 Greek version, namely, that of Symmachus, of 

 Aquila, of the Seventy, and of Theodotion. 



TETUAN ; a town of Morocco, on the northern 

 coast of Africa, thirty miles south-east of Tangiers ; 

 Ion. 5 27' W. ; lat. 35 20' N. ; population 14,000. 

 It is about half a mile from the Mediterranean, in- 

 habited by Moors (chiefly Andalusians) and Jews, 

 who most of them speak Spanish. They are com 

 mercial, gentle in manners, and polite. The envi- 

 rons of this city are planted with vineyards ana 

 gardens, kept in good order, and the fruits here are 

 better and more carefully nurtured than in the other 

 parts of the empire. Tetuan was formerly the resi- 

 dence of the European consuls ; but in 1770, an 

 Englishman having killed a Moor, the reigning em- 

 peror declared that no European should again enter 

 the town. 



TETZEL, JOHN, a notorious vender of indul- 

 gences, was born at Leipsic, where he studied 

 theology, entered, in 1489, the order of the Domi- 

 nicans, and received permission to go into the 

 world and preach. In 1502, he was appointed by 

 the Roman see a preacher of indulgences, and car- 

 ried on, for fifteen years, a very lucrative trade in 

 them, practising the most shameful delusions upon 

 the people. His life was so corrupt that, at Inn- 

 spruek, he was sentenced to be drowned in a sack, 

 for adultery. In consequence of powerful interces- 

 sion, the sentence was mitigated to perpetual im- 

 prisonment. But being released also from this, he 

 travelled to Rome, was absolved by pope Leo X., 

 and even appointed apostolic commissary ; and the 

 archbishop of Mentz made him inquisitor. He now 

 carried on the sale of indulgences with still greater 

 effrontery, and travelled through Saxony in a wagon, 

 provided with two large boxes, one of which con- 

 tained the letters of indulgence, while the other 

 was destined for the money obtained for them. The 

 latter had the following inscription : 



Sobald das Geld im Kaiten klingt, 

 Sobald die Seel gen Himmel tprtngt. 



When in the chest the money nogs, 

 The soul straight up to heaven bprinjfs. 



