TEUCER TEUTONIC ORDER. 



573 



He is said to have bad ninety gold guilders a month, 

 besides his expenses. In many towns, he was re- 

 ceived with the ringing of bells, and every where 

 levied large contributions, as he offered absolution 

 for every crime, murder, perjury, adultery not ex- 

 cepted. He carried on this infamous trade un- 

 checked, until Luther came out, in 1517, with his 

 thesis against the crying abuse. These were an- 

 swered by Tetzel ; and the students of Wittenberg 

 burned the answers in the market place. Tetzel 

 himself received a severe reprimand from the papal 

 chamberlain who was sent to settle the dispute. 

 He died of the plague, in the Dominican convent at 

 Leipsic. It is reported that Tetzel went so far as 

 to give absolutions for crimes yet to be committed. 

 It is well known that a great part of the money 

 thus received was used for the erection of St Pe- 

 ter's church at Rome. 



TEUCER ; in fabulous history a king of Phry- 

 gia, son of the Scamander by Idaea. According to 

 some authors, he was the first who introduced 

 among his subjects the worship of Cybele, and the 

 dances of the Corybantes. The country where he 

 reigned was from him called Teucria, and his sub- 

 jects Teucri. His daughter Batea married Darda- 

 nus, a Samothracian prince, who succeeded him in 

 the government of Teucria. 



2. A son of Telamon, king of Salamis, by He- 

 sione, the daughter of Laomedon. He was one of 

 Helen's suitors, and accordingly accompanied the 

 Greeks to the Trojan war, where he signalized 

 himself by his intrepidity. It is said that his father 

 refused to receive him into his kingdom, because he 

 had left the death of his brother Ajax unrevenged. 

 This severity of the father did not dishearten the 

 son ; he left Salamis, and retired to Cyprus, where 

 he built a town, which he called Salamis, after his 

 native country. He attempted, to no purpose, to 

 recover the island of Salamis, after his father's 

 death. Some suppose that Teucer did not return 

 to Cyprus, but went to settle in Spain, and thence 

 into Galatia. 



TEUTOBURG FOREST: the place where 

 Arminius defeated the Roman general Quinctilius 

 Varus, in the year 9 A. D. (For information res- 

 pecting this important battle, see Arminius and 

 Varus.) Though the ancients gave the name of 

 the Teutoburg forest to the battle ground, and a 

 wood in Lippe, near Paderborn, is still so called, it 

 is not certain where the battle was actually fought, 

 as the Romans probably comprehended under the 

 name a more extensive tract than is at present un- 

 derstood by it. The most correct opinion is, per- 

 haps, that which places it some leagues west of 

 Pyrmont, at a place where remains of ancient walls, 

 &c , have been found. The names of several spots, 

 too, in that vicinity, have reference to the battle, 

 as Hermannslterg (Arminius's mountain), Varen or 

 Vantsbusch (Varus's grove), Kriegsbusch (War- 

 grove), &c. There are fosses and redoubts, and two 

 rows of graves, in which ashes, bones and arms are 

 found, the latter having the appearance of German 

 origin. There are many works relating to this point, 

 among which we may mention that of W. Muller 

 Vermuthungen uber die Gegend, wo Hermann den 

 Varus schlug (Hanover, 1824, 4to., with a map). 



TEUTONES ; a warlike tribe, who with the 

 Cimbri, Ambrones, and Tugurini, migrated, 113 

 B. C., toward Italy. Whence they came is uncer- 

 tain ; most probably, they were of the Germanic 

 stock. After they and their allies had several times 

 defeated the Romans, they were at length routed, 



102 B. C., by Marius, near the site of Aix, in France. 

 For more information, see J. C. Pfister's History 

 of the Germans from original sources (1st vol. Ham- 

 burg, 1829, in German). See the following article. 

 TEUTONIC ; that which belongs to the Teu- 

 tones. Thus we say, " Teutonic tribes," and par- 

 ticularly " Teutonic stock of languages," by which 

 all the languages of the Germanic family are meant. 

 The name is not applied specially to the idiom of 

 the Teutones, but is merely a scientific term, hav- 

 ing reference to Teut (see Tuiscon) and Teutschen, 

 or Deutschen (the name which the Germans give 

 themselves), because German is now used more 

 particularly of the modern German, and Teutonic 

 suggests a time when the many languages, belonging 

 to the same family, had not yet assumed the shape 

 of distinct idioms. See the article Germany, divi- 

 sion German Language. 



The languages now classed under the Germanic or 

 Teutonic family or stock, are the following: 1. 

 Northern languages, to which belong, a. the Scan- 

 dinavian, with its divisions the Swedish, (com- 

 prising two dialects, those of Dalecarlia and Goth- 

 land), the Danish, and the dialects which are spoken 

 in Norway and some of the Orkney islands : and, 

 b. the Icelandic : 2. German, which is divided into 

 a. the Franconian dialect, from which originated 

 the Suabian (Alemannic) of the middle ages, the 

 Upper German, and the (so called) Cimbrian ; b. 

 the Saxon or Sassic (to which belong the Anglo- 

 Saxon, with its daughter, the English), and the 

 dialect spoken in the lowlands of Scotland, similar, 

 in many respects, to the parent stock ; also the 

 Lower Saxon, or Plattdeutsch, and the Frisian and 

 Dutch ; 3. the Moesogothic, in which the most 

 ancient monument of the Germanic languages, the 

 translation of the Bible by Ulphilas, of the fourth 

 century, is written. Others have divided the Ger- 

 manic stock thus : 1. German branch, properly so 

 called, embracing, a. Upper German ; b. Lower 

 German (the latter of which includes the Frisian, Ne- 

 therlandish, and Dutch, and Lower Saxon, or Plait- 

 deutsch) ; c. Central German ; d. High German : 

 2. Scandinavian branch, comprehending, a. Danish; 

 6. Norwegian ; c. Icelandic ; d. Swedish : 3. Eng- 

 lish, under which fall the Anglo-Saxon and Scot- 

 tish Respecting the mixture of the Germanic 



stock in most of the languages of Europe, see the 

 part of the article Germany already referred to. 



TEUTONIC ORDER. This religious order of 

 knights was founded, in 1190, by Frederic duke of 

 Suabia, during a crusade in the Holy Land, at the 

 time of the siege of Acre, and intended to be con- 

 fined to Germans of noble rank ; hence its name. 

 The rule of the order was similar to that of the 

 Templars. The original object of the association 

 was to defend the Christian religion against the in- 

 fidels, and to take care of the sick in the Holy 

 Land. As the order was dedicated to the virgin 

 Mary, the knights called themselves also Brethren 

 of the German house of our Lady of Jerusalem. The 

 dross of the members was black, with a white cloak, 

 upon which was worn a black cross with a silver 

 edging. The grand master lived at first at Jerusa- 

 lem, but, afterwards, when the Holy Land fell again 

 under the power of the Turks, at Venice, and, from 

 1297, at Marburg. By degrees the order made 

 several conquests, and acquired great riches. At 

 the beginning of the fifteenth century, it had 

 reached the highest pitch of its power. Its terri- 

 tory extended from the Oder to the gulf of Finland, 

 and its annual revenue was calculated at 800,000 



