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TITAN TITAMI M 



of the French armies, and served in the campaigns 

 in Austria, Prussia, Poland and Italy. At li-i.irtli 

 he retired from the service, and settled in profes- 

 sional practice at Paris, where he died in 1826. ' 

 He published several essays and treatises, which 

 are esteemed in foreign countries. 



TITAN ; in mythology, a son of Coelus and 

 Terra. To him, as the eldest brother, belonged 

 the empire ; but, at the request of his mother and his 

 listers, Ceres and Ops, he reded it to his youngest 

 brother, Saturn, on condition that the latter should 

 not let any of his sons lire, so that the government 

 would devolve on the sons of Titan. But when 

 he learned that some children of Saturn had re- 

 mained alive, he and his sons took up arms, con- 

 quered Saturn, and made him and his wife prisoners. 

 But Jupiter, son of Saturn, who dwelt in Crete, 

 made war upon his uncle with an army of Cretans, 

 conquered him, and reinstated his father. This 

 Titan is unknown to the early writers on mytho- 

 logy. The name of Titans is given to the sons of 

 Coelus and Terra, or Titaea (Earth), in general. 

 Hesiod, and most of the mythological writers, make 

 them six in number Coeos, Crios, Hyperion, Jape- 

 tus, Oceanus, Saturn. In a mythological fragment, 

 Phorcys is added as the seventh. Later writers 

 make them eighteen, reckoning, perhaps, in their 

 number, some of the Cyclops and the Centimani, 

 who were also sons of Coelus. The children of the 

 Titans, e. g. Atlas, are also called by this name. 

 Helios, or Sol, son of the Titan Hyperion, is parti- 

 cularly denominated Titan. In general, the fable 

 of the Titans is mixed with many notions borrowed 

 from the Phoenician cosmogony, particularly this, 

 that several of the Titans were the authors of vari- 

 ous useful inventions, the first artists, architects, 

 agriculturists, shepherds and hunters. The story 

 that the eldest children of Crelus dethroned their 

 father, and waged war with Jupiter for the govern- 

 ment, is one of the earliest mythological fictions. 

 Accordicg to Hesiod (verse 176), they received 

 this name because they stretched out their hands 

 to their father (from titauiu or /). They are 

 also called Uranides. Terra was indignant, it is 

 said, at the cruelties of her husband, who did not 

 allow the children, whom she brought forth, to see 

 the light, but imprisoned them in Tartarus. She 

 therefore excited the Titans to insurrection : Co?lus 

 was imprisoned, and emasculated by Saturn, and 

 the latter ascended the throne. But as he also im- 

 prisoned his brothers, the Cyclops and Centimani, 

 in Tartarus, Terra excited Jupiter, and the other 

 children of Saturn, to insurrection, and the war 

 between the Titanides and the children of Saturn 

 began. For ten years, the former fought from 

 mount Othrys, the latter from mount Olympus, 

 without any decisive result to either party, until 

 Jupiter, in obedience to an oracle of Terra, loosed 

 the Centimani, by whose assistance the Titans were 

 beaten, fettered, and thrown into Tartarus. The 

 scene of the war is placed in Thessaly, on Olympus 

 and Othrys, by Hesiod ; on Olympus, Pelion and 

 Ossa, by Homer. Among the earlier cosmogonical 

 poets, this contest seems to be symbolical of the 

 struggle of the elements at the formation of the 

 world. 



TITANIA. See Mai. 



TITANIUM; a metal which has been obtained 

 in a state of perfect purity only in sufficient quantity 

 for the determination of its properties. It was in 

 the condition of a powder as obtained, and possessed 

 of the following properties: colour dark copper- 



rod ; tarnishes in the air, and takes fire when heated, 

 it detonates with nitre, and is acted upon with 

 energy by all the dense acids. A crystallized me- 

 tallic titanium, in small cubes, has been observed, 

 occasionally, in the slags of great iron smelting 

 furnaces; but it is always alloyed with iron, stilli- 

 ciently to affect a delicate magnetic needle. Tin si- 

 cubes have a copper-red colour and much brilliancv . 

 They are hard enough to scratch rock crystal, and 

 have a specific gravity of 5-3. Neither of the strong 

 acids are capable of dissolving them, nor are they 

 fusible before the blow-pipe. There are two com- 

 binations of titanium and oxygen ; the one is an 

 oxide, the other an acid. The oxide of titanium is 

 of a black, bluish, or purplish colour, and may be 

 formed by heating metallic titanium in fine powder 

 along with caustic potash. It is also procured from 

 titanic acid, by exposing it to a very violent heat 

 in a charcoal crucible. It is insoluble in all the 

 acids. When heated, it absorbs oxygen very slow- 

 ly, and is converted into titanic acid by heating it 

 with nitre, with great difficulty. Before the blow- 

 pipe, it dissolves in bi-phosphate of soda, and forms 

 a very dark-red glass. The anatase, an ore of ti- 

 tanium, described at the close of this article, ap- 

 pears to be wholly composed of this oxide. Titanic 

 acid occurs native in the rutile. (See the close of 

 the present article.) Its colour is reddish-brown, 

 and it has a specific gravity of 4-249. The native 

 acid is, however, slightly impure, from the presence 

 of iron : when the iron is separated, the acid pre- 

 sents a white colour. It reddens litmus paper, after 

 having been exposed to a high temperature. It re- 

 sembles zirconia so closely as to be with difficulty 

 distinguished from that earth. They may, how- 

 ever, be easily recognised from a blow-pipe experi- 

 ment. Titanic acid, when fused with borax, or bi- 

 phosphate of soda, in the exterior flame, gives a 

 yellow or colourless glass, which in the interior 

 flame becomes deep purple, or even brownish-black, 

 if' the acid be in excess. When titanic acid and 

 zirconie. occur together in the same mineral, we are 

 unable to effect their separation: such minerals, in 

 the present state of chemical knowledge, cannot be 

 analyzed. Titanium unites with chlorine to form a 

 chloride. It is formed by passing the gas over 

 ignited titanic acid and charcoal in a porcelain tube. 

 It is a fluid, perfectly transparent and colourless, 

 heavier than water, and boils at 275 Fahr. When 

 mingled with water, it is converted into muriatic 

 acid and titanic acid. When titanic acid, fluor 

 spar, and sulphuric acid, are mixed together in a 

 leaden retort, a yellow-coloured liquid is gradually 

 obtained, which water immediately converts into 

 fluoric acid and titanic acid. This is probably a 

 fluoride of titanium. A phosphuret and a su/phunt 

 of titanium have both been formed. Nothing is 

 known respecting the combinations which titanium 

 is capable of forming with selenium, tellurium, 

 arsenic, antimony, chromium, molybdenum, tung- 

 sten, and columbium. Unsuccessful attempts have 

 been made to combine it with silver, copper and 

 lead. It has been combined with iron, and gave 

 rise to an alloy of a gray colour, interspersed with 

 yellow-coloured brilliant particles. It would ap- 

 pear that the affinity of titanium for other metals 

 is, on the whole, very weak. 



Ores of Titanium. These are five in number; viz. 

 rutile, anatase, ilmenite, crichtonite and sphene. 



1. Rutile, or titanite, occurs crystallized, in right 

 square prisms, the primary form of the species, 

 which are often terminated at one extremity by a 



