TITANIUMTITHES. 



four-sided pyramid, whose faces incline to the corres- 

 ponding lateral ones under angles of 122 45'. The 

 lateral edges of the prism are often truncated, and 

 the primary prismatic sides are liable to numerous 

 vertical strice. Macled forms, or twin crystals, are 

 very common, whose appearance is that of a prism 

 bent to an angle of 114 30' ; sometimes the geni- 

 culations are frequently repeated. The cleavage is 

 parallel to the primary planes ; lustre metallic ada- 

 mantine; colour reddish brown, passing into red, 

 sometimes yellowish ; streak very pale brown ; 

 translucent to opaque; hardness about that of feld- 

 spar ; specific gravity 4-24. It also occurs massive 

 the individuals being of various sizes and strongly 

 connected. Alone before the blowpipe, it is infu- 

 sible, but gives with borax, a yellowish glass, whicli 

 assumes an amethyst colour when further reduced, 

 It consists of titanic acid. It occurs generally in 

 imbedded crystals, either in quartz engaged in 

 gneiss, mica-slate, or chlorite slate ; or in beds con- 

 sisting of quartz, garnet, and augite. It is likewise 

 found in transparent crystals of quartz. Imbedded 

 crystals in quartz have been found at Rosenau in 

 Hungary, Teinach on the Bacher, in Stiria, and at 

 various places along the Alps. Very perfect crys- 

 tals occur in the Sanalpe in Carinthia, also at St 

 Gothard. Fine pebbles of rutile are found in Tran- 

 sylvania, and called nigrine, on account of their 

 black colour. At St Yrieix, in France, and in the 

 province of Guadalaxara, in Spain, twin crystals 

 occur of very large dimensions. Other localities 

 are Bohemia, Siberia, and Brazil. In the United 

 States, very perfect crystals, and in great quan- 

 tity, are found at Windsor, in Massachusetts, where 

 *hey occur in seams of quartz traversing chlorite 

 slate. Many other places might be mentioned in 

 New England, where rutile has been met with ; 

 but the above mentioned is the only productive 

 locality. 



2. Anatase. This species is much more rare than 

 that just described, but is exceedingly interesting 

 from the beauty of its cry stals, and from the nature of 

 its composition, it being regarded as composed solely 

 of the protoxide of the metal. Its crystals are small, 

 and of the form of the octahedron, with a square 

 base, the pyramids meeting under an angle of 136 

 47', which is the primary form of the species. The 

 cleavage is parallel to the primary planes, and to 

 the longer axis of the crystals ; fracture conchoidal, 

 though with difficulty "observed ; lustre metallic 

 adamantine ; colour various shades of brown, more 

 or less dark, also indigo-blue ; streak white, semi- 

 transparent ; hardness nearly that of feldspar ; spe- 

 cific gravity 3-82 It dissolves with difficulty in 

 the salt of phosphorus, before the blowp'pe, and 

 the portion not melted becomes white and semi- 

 transparent. It occurs in narrow, irregular veins, 

 accompanied by albite, quartz, mica, and axinite. 

 Its chief localities are Bourg d'Oisans in Dauphiny, 

 and in Switzerland ; it is also found in Cornwall, 

 in Norway, in Spain, and Brazil. 



3. Ilmenite. Axotomous iron ore (Mohs) ; nie- 

 naccanite ? iserine ? The primary form of this spe- 

 cies is believed to be a rhomboid of 85 9 59'. It 

 occurs massive, rarely crystallized in what are des- 

 cribed by professor Kupfer as being variously modi- 

 fied four-sided prisms ; colour black ; strr ak brown- 

 ish ; opaque ; lustre on the fracture shining and 

 resinous ; fracture conchoidal ; no visible cleavage ; 

 hardness between apatite and feldspar ; specific 

 gravity 4-6 4-8. It is unalterable before the 

 blow-pipe, and consists of 



1 itanic acid, 46-67 



Oxide of iron, . . . . 47-08 



Oxide of manganese, . . . 2-39 



Magnesia, 0-60 



Lime, 0.25 



Oxide of chrome, .... 0-38 



Silica, 2-80 



It occurs in the Ilmen mountains of the Ural chain. 

 The menaccanite, a substance found in small, black 

 angular grains, at Menaccan, in Cornwall, and at 

 Botany Bay, as well as the iserine, found at Iser, 

 in Silesia, and some other places, are believed to 

 fall within the present species. 



4. Crichtonite resembles very closely the ilmenite. 

 It occurs in very small crystals, in the form of acute 

 rhomboids having the summits replaced, and being 

 otherwise variously modified by secondary planes, 

 the only cleavage being at right angles to the axis 

 of the rhomboid. It is perfectly black, opaque, 

 and of a shining lustre : fracture conchoidal. It is 

 harder than fluor. Before the blow-pipe, it con- 

 ducts much like ilmenite, but is believed to be a 

 silicate of titanium. It occurs, along with anatase, 

 on crystals of quartz, at Dauphiny. 



5. Sphene (silico-calcareous oxide of titanium) 

 occurs for the most part in well-defined crystals, 

 which have the general figure of very flat octahe- 

 drons, but which are derived from an oblique rhom- 

 bic prism of 133 30', parallel to which a distinct 

 cleavage may be effected. Fracture imperfect con- 

 choidal or uneven ; lustre adamantine, sometimes 

 inclined to resinous : colour brown, yellow, gray, 

 and green ; streak white ; translucent on the edges, 

 rarely transparent ; hardness about that of apatite ; 

 specific gravity 3 - 46. Besides occurring in crystals 

 it is found massive, with a granular or lamellar 

 composition. Before the blow-pipe, the yellow va- 

 rieties do not change their colour ; all the rest 

 become yellow. They intumesce a little, and melt 

 on the edges into a dark coloured enamel. They 

 are soluble in heated nitric acid, and leave a residue 

 of silex. Sphenfi is composed of lime 32-20, oxide 

 of titanium 33-30, and silex 28-00. It occurs in 

 small nodules or crystals, imbedded in gneiss and 

 beds of sienite. It is also found in white lime- 

 stone, along with augite, scapolitCj garnet and horn- 

 blende. It comes from several districts of the Sa- 

 nalpe in Carinthia, where it is found in a coarse- 

 grained gneiss. Other European localities, near 

 Dresden in Saxony, Arendal in Norway, St Goth- 

 ard, and Scotland. In the United States it has 

 been found in numerous places ; but no where so 

 abundantly as at Roger's rock, on the shore of lake 

 Seorge, where it occurs in gneiss with augite and 

 lornblende. 



TITHES, OR TYTHES ; the tenth part of the 

 ncrease yearly arising from the profits of lands, the 

 stock upon lands, and the industry of the occupants, 

 allotted to the clergy for their maintenance. The 

 custom of giving and paying tithes is very ancient, 

 [n Gen. xiv. 20, Abraham gives Melchisedek the 

 :enth of all the spoils taken from the four kings de- 

 'eated by him. Tithes were first legally enjoined 

 jy Moses. They were not established by Christ. 

 The Christian priests and the ministers of the altar 

 ived at first upon the alms and oblations of the 

 devout. For the first three hundred years after 



hrist, no mention is made in ecclesiastical history 

 of any such thing as tithes. The first authority 

 >roduced (setting aside the apostolical constitu- 



ions, which few of the advocates of tithes will 

 nsist on) is a provincial synod at Cullen, in 

 356, in which tithes are votc-d to be God's rents. 



