636 



TOCAT TOLAND. 



Fultava, in 1~09, many of whom were well-edu- 

 r.iicd men. Tobolsk is a great thoroughfare for the 

 trade of Siberia; and hither are brought all the 

 furs collected as tribute to the government. To- 

 bolsk is an archiepisoopal see, and has a theatre 

 and a theological seminary. Population, 25,000. 

 There is much difference in the climate and soil of 

 the government of Tobolsk. The northern half 

 is extremely cold, and unfit for cultivation, and 

 < yen the heat of summer is soon interrupted by 

 the icy winds from the sea. The wealth of this 

 region consists of furs, fish and game. The rein- 

 deer is the most important domestic animal. The 

 southern and western parts are more mild, although 

 the winters are severe, and have a fruitful soil, 

 yielding corn and flax in abundance, and furnishing 

 rich pastures for large flocks of sheep, and herds of 

 cattle and horses. Besides Russians, there are 

 numerous Tartar tribes, with Samoiedes, Ostiacs, 

 &c., among the inhabitants. The adjoining cut re- 

 presents the prevailing costume of a Tobolskin 

 woman. Although the 

 basis of the population 

 is Tartar, yet from the 

 number of exiles ban- 

 ished there by a jea- 

 lous government men 

 in general, too, of edu- 

 cation and intelligence 

 society at Tobolsk 

 is chiefly European in 

 its character, and a 

 somewhat general re- 

 finement of manners 

 prevails. The natives 

 are rather a quiet and 

 substantial people, but 

 still, as among other ~ 

 Tartars, their industry 

 consists in the rear- 

 ing of horses, and their indulgence in the eating of 

 horse-flesh and drinking of mare's milk. 



TOCAT, OR TOKAT; a city of Asiatic Tur- 

 key, in the pachalic of Sivas, anciently a city of 

 Pontus, called Berisa ; Ion. 36 W E. ; lat. 39 

 35' N.; population, 100,000, chiefly Turks. It is 

 almost surrounded with mountains, which afford 

 quarries of marble, and is well supplied with water 

 from innumerable springs. It is the residence of a 

 cadi, a waywode, and an aga. The Armenians have 

 seven churches, the Greeks one. Tocat may be 

 considered as the centre of an extensive inland 

 trade from all parts of Asia Minor. The caravans 

 from Diarbekir arrive in eighteen days, from Sinob 

 in six, from Bursa in twenty, from Smyrna in 

 twenty-seven, and proportionally less on horseback 

 or on mules. 



TOGA (from tegere, to cover) ; the garment of 

 wool, which, in time of peace, Roman citizens wore 

 in public. Latterly, it was worn almost exclusively 

 by the male sex. Under the emperors, the toga went 

 out of fashion. As only freeborn citizens were 

 permitted to wear the toga, it was an honorary gar- 

 ment, and at the same time distinguished the Ro- 

 mans from other nations ; hence gens togata is used 

 for Roman people. As the toga was worn only 

 in peace (the warrior wore the sagum), the word 

 toga is sometimes used as a metaphor for peace, or 

 peaceful citizens. The toga was thrown over the 

 left shoulder, and passed under the right arm. 

 which thus remained entirely free. From the 

 breast downwards it was sewed together, and, as 



(lu- Romans had no 

 pockets, the hollow 

 culled sinus, in front 

 of the breast, was 

 used to put suiiill arti- 

 cles in. The variety 

 in the colour, the fine- 

 ness of the wool, ni id 

 the ornaments attach- 

 ed to it, indicated 

 the rank of the citi- 

 zen. Generally it was 

 \vliite (toga alba). 

 Rich persons wore 

 wide toga, the poor 

 narrow ones. Can- 

 didates for office wore 

 a pure white toga. 

 (See Candidate.) The 

 mourning toga was 

 black. Persons pro- 

 secuted at law wore 

 a dirty, or old, or pray, 



or, in general, unsightly toga (togce sordida). If it 

 was ornamented with a purple stripe, it was called toga 

 pratexta. Such was worn by all superior magis- 

 trates and priests. This ornamented toga was also 

 worn by boys and girls, the former till their seven- 

 teenth, the latter till their fourteenth year, after 

 which the former changed it for the toga virilis, i. e. 

 the common simple white toga, which was also 

 called pura and libera. (See also Stola.) The 

 triumphatores wore a toga adorned with gold and 

 purple (toga picta, also palmata~). Aid. Manutius 

 has written on the toga, and Seckendorf has lately 

 treated of its essential form. 

 TOGRUL BEG. See Caliph. 

 TOISE. See France. 



TOKAY; a town of Hungary, in the county of 

 Semplin, at the conflux of the rivers Theis and 

 Bodrog; Ion. 20 57' E.; lat. 48 10' N.; popula- 

 tion, 2800. This town is celebrated for its wines, 

 which is esteemed the best of the wines of Hun- 

 gary. It is the product of the country around the 

 town called the Submontine district, or Hegyallya, 

 twenty or thirty miles in extent. The prime To- 

 kay, or Tokay Ausbruch, as it is termed, is pre- 

 pared from grapes, gathered one by one, after hav- 

 ing become dry and sweet, like raisins, whilst hang- 

 ing on the vines. A great part of the wine sold 

 for Tokay is produced in other parts of Hungary. 

 See Hungarian Wines. 

 TOKOLY. See Tekeli. 



TOLAND, JOHN, was born in 1669, in Ireland, 

 of Catholic parents. He discarded the Roman faith 

 before he had attained the age of sixteen, and fin- 

 ished his education at the universities of Glasgow 

 and Edinburgh. He then went to England, where 

 he was introduced to some dissenting families, who 

 enabled him to pursue his studies for two years 

 more at Leyden. Returning to England, he began 

 the work, published in 1696, under the title ot 

 Christianity not Mysterious, which was presented 

 by the grand jury of Middlesex. To withdraw 

 himself from obloquy, he visited his native country, 

 where he was assailed with even greater violence 

 than in England ; and the Irish parliament not only 

 voted his book to be burned by the hangman, but 

 ordered him to be prosecuted by the attorney gene- 

 ral. He was therefore obliged to quit Ireland ; and 

 soon after his arrival in London, he published a life 

 of Milton, and a treatise entitled Amyntor, in which 



