TOLEDO TOMB. 



637 



lie assailed the authenticity of the received canon 

 of Scripture. In 1C99 he published a life of Den- 

 idl lord Holies, and in the following year, an edition 

 of Harrington's Oceana. In 1718 appeared his 

 work entitled JVazarenus, or Jewish, Gentile, and 

 Mahometan Christianity, in which he stated his 

 own views of primitive Christianity. This was 

 followed (1720) by a Latin tract, called Pantheisti- 

 con, which subjected him to the charge of atheism, 

 and by Telradymnus, in four parts, the second of 

 which, on the exoteric and esoteric philosophy of 

 the ancients, is deemed one of his most learned and 

 valuable productions. In the conclusion of this 

 work, he professed his preference of the Christian 

 religion, pure and unmixed, to all others. He died 

 in 17'22, in the fifty-third year of his age. His 

 posthumous works were published in two volumes, 

 octavo, 1726, and again in 1747, with an account 

 of his life and writings by Des Maizeaux. 



TOLEDO (anciently Toletum}; a city of Spain, 

 in New Castile, capital of a province of the same 

 name, on the Tagus ; thirty-two miles south-west 

 of Madrid ; Ion. 40 11' W.; lat. 39 53' N.; popu- 

 lation, 25,000. It is the see of an archbishop, who 

 is primate of Spain, and who had formerly a revenue 

 of 500,000 dollars ; but it was appropriated to the 

 public in 1820. The city is situated on the sides 

 of a steep hill, surrounded by lofty mountains, and 

 the environs are rocky and unproductive. It con- 

 tains an alcazar or Moorish palace, now an hospital, 

 a Gothic cathedral, twenty-five churches, thirty- 

 eight convents and monasteries, and fourteen hos- 

 pitals. The streets are narrow and steep, and the 

 houses crowded. Here was a university, founded 

 in 1470, suppressed in 1807- The manufactures 

 consist of woollens, linens, silk, &c. The Toledo 

 sword-blades, formerly very noted, are manufactured 

 in a large building on the Tagus. The secret of 

 tempering them is said to have been recovered ; and 

 they fetch a high price. Toledo is a place of great 

 antiquity, much celebrated in the history of Spain, 

 and was successively the seat of government under 

 the Goths, the Moors, and the kings of Castile. 



TOLENTINO; a small town in the States of 

 the Church, where a treaty of peace was concluded 

 between general Bonaparte and the papal court, 

 Feb. 19, 1797. See Pius VI. 



TOLERATION, in politics ; a word which in- 

 dicates the misconception so long entertained re- 

 specting the right of political interference in the 

 religious belief and worship of individuals. Every 

 man is as much entitled to liberty of opinion on re- 

 ligious subjects as on any other, and has a right to 

 adopt, any mode of worship that does not disturb 

 the peace of society. This truth, plain as it seems 

 to a reflecting man of the present day, is one which 

 men have attained, as they have many other impor- 

 tant truths, only by slow degrees and bitter expe- 

 rience ; and, in fact, few governments act fully 

 upon this principle even now. The historian finds 

 that intolerance has been the most deadly bane to 

 intellectual progress. See Religious Liberty. 



TOLLENDAL. See Lally-Tollendal. 



TOLTECS. See Mexico. 



TOMATO, OR LOVE-APPLE (solanum lyco- 

 persicum). This plant belongs to the same genus 

 with the potato and egg-plant. It was originally 

 brought from South America, but is now cultivated 

 in many parts of the globe, for the sake of its large, 

 variously shaped, scarlet or orange fruit, which 

 many esteem a great luxury. These are used in 

 sauces, stewing, and soups, and when boiled and 



seasoned with pepper and salt, make an excellent 

 sauce for fish, meat, &c. In warmer climates, they 

 possess more acidity and briskness, and are there- 

 fore more grateful to the palate. The plant is a 

 tender herbaceous annual, of rank growth, weak, 

 decumbent, fetid, glutinous, and downy : the leaves 

 somewhat resemble those of the potato, but the 

 flowers are yellow, and disposed in large divided 

 bunches: the fruit is pendulous, shining, and very 

 ornamental. The tomato is one of the most com- 

 mon articles in Italian cookery, and its use is, at 

 the present time, rapidly increasing in England. It 

 is cultivated to considerable extent near London, 

 against walls and artificial banks, being raised on a 

 hot-bed, and transplanted like other tender annuals. 

 TOMB (from the Greek word TI/^). This 

 term includes both the grave and the monument 

 erected over it. In many countries of antiquity it 

 was customary to burn the bodies of the dead, and 

 to collect the ashes into an urn, which was deposited 

 in a tomb. Among the Greeks, these tombs were 

 generally constructed outside the walls of the cities, 

 with the exception of such as were raised to the 

 founders of the place, or to heroes. In Campania, 

 several tombs of the ancient inhabitants have been 

 discovered, containing beautiful Grecian vases (im- 

 properly called Etruscan), of which Mr Hamilton 

 formed two collections, the first published by D'An- 

 carville, the second by Tischbein. The Campanian 

 tombs were formed by an enclosure of cut stones, 

 and covered with a sort of roof of flagstones, shelv- 

 ing on both sides. The dead body was stretched 

 on the ground, the feet turned towards the entrance 

 of the sepulchre, and the head ranged against the 

 wall, from which were suspended, by bronze nails, 

 vases of terra cotta, whilst others of a similar kind 

 were disposed around the body. In the plains ot 

 Etruria are also many shallow sepulchral grottoes 

 scooped out of the living rock. These cells or se- 

 pulchres receive the daylight only through an open- 

 ing placed in the middle of the vault, and which 

 communicates with the superficies of the mountain 

 or rock. The interior is often ornamented with 

 paintings. The Romans designated by sepulchrum 

 the tomb wherein the bodies or the ashes of the de- 

 funct were deposited, also the magnificent monu- 

 ments (mausolecf), sepulchral arches, destined to 

 the great and the rich. Tombs where funeral rites 

 were celebrated, yet without depositing the body, 

 were called cenotaphs. Persons of high rank had 

 sometimes, in their palaces, sepulchral vaults, where 

 were deposited, in different urns, the ashes of their 

 forefathers. The pyramid of Cestius, at Rome, 

 constructed of Parian marble, and which contained 

 a chamber ornamented with beautiful paintings, was 

 the tomb of an individual surnamed Cestius, one of 

 the septemviri epulones. After the decline of the 

 arts, this species of architecture was much neglected, 

 the tombs becoming simply masses of large stones, 

 upon which were engraved rude effigies of the de- 

 ceased, and inscriptions stating his age and the cir- 

 cumstances of his death, &c. Sometimes, for marble 

 or stone, plates of copper were substituted, rarely 

 enamelled, but generally engraved. The dead per- 

 son is here represented as clad in the habit com- 

 monly worn by him when living; his hands are 

 joined as in the act of prayer ; and two angels are, 

 in most instances, placed near the cushion upon 

 which his head reposes, to indicate his admission 

 into heaven. The revival of art brought improve- 

 ments in the construction of tombs. On the splen- 

 did tomb of Julius II. Michael Angelo exercised his 



