G40 



TONNAGE TOOKE. 



TONNAGE. For the mode of measuring, see 

 Ship. 



TONNERE, MOUNT (in German, Donnersberg, 

 Thunder mountain) ; a summit of the Vosges, on 

 the left bank of the Hhine, ten miles from Worms. 

 It is about 2300 feet high ; and half way up its side 

 is a village called Donnersfeld, with the ruins of a 

 castle. The French gave the name of this moun- 

 tain to a department 2700 square miles in extent, 

 with a population of 430,000 ; capital, Mentz. It 

 is now divided between Bavaria and Hesse-Darm- 

 stadt. 



TONQUIN ; a country of Asia, bounded north 

 and east by China, south by Cochin-China, and west 

 by Laos ; about 350 miles in length, and 220 in its 

 greatest breadth, extending from lat. 19 to 23 N., 

 and from Ion. 104 to 108 E. The climate is mild 

 and temperate. The rainy season begins about 

 April, and continues till August, and is the most 

 unhealthy part of the year. The country lying low 

 and flat, is frequently overflowed by violent rains, 

 so as to do great injury to the harvest ; and on the 

 other hand, if the rain be not in sufficient quantity 

 to nourish the rice, a famine is the consequence. 

 The principal river of the country is Song-ca (Song- 

 koi.) Tonquin is but imperfectly known to us; it 

 is a viceroyalty of Cochin-China, both which coun- 

 tries are known to the Chinese by the common 

 name of Annum. It is the most valuable and popu- 

 lous part of the empire. (See Cochin-China.} Rice 

 is almost the only grain cultivated. Other produc- 

 tions are potatoes and yams ; a variety of fruits, 

 mangoes, lemons, cocoa nuts, and ananas; sugar- 

 cane, indigo, areca, betel net, the tea plant, &c. 

 Some of the principal articles of commerce are silk 

 and lacquered ware. The chief town, Kecho, or 

 Cachao, on the Song-ca, eighty miles from the sea, 

 is supposed, by Crawfurd, to contain a population of 

 about 130,000 souls ; twenty miles lower is Hean, 

 a considerable town ; and forty miles below Hean 

 is Domea, where the British and Dutch merchants 

 usually stopped, and were rowed to Cachao in boats. 

 See Crawfurd's Embassy to Cochin-China and Siam 

 (London, 1828), and the Nouvelles Lettres Edifi- 

 antes (Paris, 1821). 



TONSURE (corona clericalis). A shaved crown 

 has been, from time immemorial, one of the honorary 

 distinctions of the priests. The first Christian 

 teachers, however, wore their hair like other men, 

 in order to distinguish themselves from the heathen 

 priests. Penitents had their heads shaved, and, in 

 imitation of their example, the monks did the same : 

 it was not until the sixth century, that the fashion 

 of shaving the head, with many other peculiarities 

 of the monks, was adopted by the secular clergy. 

 A difference was then made between a shaved fore- 

 head, which was called tonsure of the apostle Paul, 

 and a shaved crown, called tonsure of the apostle Pe- 

 ter. The former being customary with the Greeks, 

 Britons, and Irish, the latter in the Roman church 

 and the countries most under its influence. At a 

 council held at Toledo, in 633, the latter mode was 

 formally prescribed, and called corona dericalis. 

 Since that time the Roman tonsure has remained 

 common to the clergy and monks in the west of 

 Europe, and furnishes a means to distinguish the 

 higher clergy from the lower, as the extent of the 

 tonsure increases with the rank. The pope, if he 

 is young enough to have hair, which is seldom the 

 case, loses nearly all on the fore part of the head. 

 Many religious orders (e. g. the Franciscans) allow 

 only a narrow strip of hair around the head to grow : 



all above and below is shaved. Slmving tin- Imir 

 precedes consecration : it is performed by the bish- 

 op. The tonsure qualifies the subject for holding a 

 simple benefice, and subjects him to the laws relat- 

 ing to ecclesiastics. The clergy of the Greek chuidi 

 retain the old custom. 



TONTINES ; a kind of life annuity. "When 

 the credit of the governments in Europe, in the 

 seventeenth century, was continually sinking, and 

 rich men would not loan them money, Lorenzo 

 Tonti, an Italian, invented a peculiar species of life 

 annuities, called after him tontines, and first intro- 

 duced them into France, in 1653, under Louis XIV. 

 His method was the following: A certain capital 

 was loaned by a society, generally, at the usual rate 

 of interest. This interest was divided equally 

 among the members of equal age ; and among those 

 of unequal ages it was divided in proportion to their 

 age. This interest was paid as long as one of the 

 society remained alive, and when one of the members 

 died, his portion of the income was inherited by the 

 surviving members, so that the last survivor enjoyed, 

 during his life, the whole income. At his death 

 the interest ceased, and the borrower obtained the 

 capital. In the formation of a tontine contract the 

 members of the society were divided into nine 

 classes ; 1. those from one to five years old received 

 three per cent. ; 2. from five to ten, three and a half 

 per cent. ; 3. from ten to fifteen, four per cent. ; 



4. from fifteen to twenty, four and a half per cent. ; 



5. from twenty to twenty-five, five per cent ; 6. 

 from twenty-five to thirty, five and a half percent. 

 7. from thirty to forty, six per cent. ; 8. from forty 

 to fifty, six and a half per cent. ; 9. from fifty to 

 sixty, eighty, ninety, seven per cent. In this way, 

 the whole capital paid only five per cent. ; and many 

 more lenders were found to take part in tontines 

 than in the old life annuities, in which five per cent, 

 was paid to each individual. See Annuities. 



TOOKE, JOHN HORNE, was born in Westmin- 

 ster, in 1736. His father was a poulterer, who had 

 acquired considerable property. John, the third 

 son, was educated both at Westminster and Eton, 

 whence he was removed to St John's college, Cam- 

 bridge. In 1756, he had entered himself of the In- 

 ner Temple ; but, at the request of his family, he 

 consented to be ordained, and was conducted to the 

 \ chapelry of New Brentford, which his father had 

 ! purchased for him. Three years afterwards, he ac- 

 companied, as travelling tutor, the son of Mr Elwes, 

 of Berkshire, in a tour to France. On his return 

 he took a warm share in politics, in behalf of Wilkes, 

 to whom, on a second visit to Paris, he was person- 

 ally introduced. When he returned to England, he 

 resumed his clerical functions, and obtained some 

 distinction in the pulpit, until the return of Wilkes 

 plunged him again into politics. He was the princi- 

 pal founder of the Society for supporting the Bill 

 of Rights; and, in 1770 and 1771, a public alterca- 

 tion took place between Messrs Wilkes and Home, 

 on account of the attempts made by the former to 

 render the society instrumental to the discharge of 

 his private debts. It was through his means that 

 two printers of the newspapers were, in 1771, in- 

 duced to violate the orders of the house of common?, 

 by publishing their debates, which brought on those 

 proceedings which terminated in a defeat of the 

 house, and the unopposed practice of such publica- 

 tion ever since. The same year also witnessed his 

 contest with Junius, in which, in the general opi- 

 nion, he came off victor. In 1773, he resigned his 

 clerical gown, and shut himself up in retirement, 



