CIS 



TOTIL ATOUCAN. 



the dearest friends, the nearest relations. In Eng- 

 land, about 1680, a party of men appeared among 

 us, who, though pretended Protestants, yet applied 

 themselves to the ruin of their country. They be- 

 gan with ridiculing the popish plot, and encourag- 

 ing the Papists to revive it. They pursued their 

 designs in banishing the duke of Monmoutb, and 

 calling home the duke of York (see James II.) ; 

 then in abhorring, petitioning, and opposing the bill 

 of exclusion ; in giving up charters and the liberties 

 of their country to the arbitrary will of their prince ; 

 then in murdering patriots, persecuting dissenters, 

 and at last in setting up a popish prince on pretence 

 of hereditary right, and tyranny on pretence of pas- 

 sive obedience. These men began to show them- 

 selves so like the Irish thieves and murderers afore- 

 said, that they quickly got the name of tories. 

 Their real god-father was Titus Gates. On account 

 of some one saying, at a meeting of honest people of 

 the city, upon the occasion of the discovery of an at- 

 tempt to stifle the evidences of the witnesses [to the 

 popish plot], that he had letters from Ireland, that 

 there were some tories to be brought over hither to 

 murder Oates and Bedloe, the doctor [Gates] could 

 never after this hear any man talk against the plot or 

 witnesses (see Popish Plot) but he thought he was 

 one of these tories, and called almost every one atory 

 that opposed him in discourse ; till at last the word 

 tory became popular, and it stuck so close to the 

 party in all their bloody proceedings, that they had 

 no way to get it off. So at last they owned it, just 

 as they do now the name of highflyer." (For the 

 origin of the term whig, and the history of the two 

 parties, see the article Whig.) The Irish word tory 

 is derived from toruighim (to pursue for purposes of 

 violence) ; and the country was for a long time so 

 much harrassed by the depredations of the tories (or 

 rapperees, as they were also called) that a price of 

 200 was set on their head by Cromwell. The 

 term tory is now applied to that political party, 

 who are jealous of the extension of democratic 

 power, and who give their support to the regal and 

 aristocratical institutions of the country; differing, 

 thus, from the whigs and radicals, who, on the other 

 hand, are jealous of the encroachments of the crown 

 and the privileged classes, and who give their support, 

 in various degrees, to an extension of the power of 

 the people. History can best tell whether mankind 

 have suffered more from the tyranny of the few or 

 the many. Of late years the term Conservatives has 

 come to be adopted by the tories, as tending to 

 convey the best explanation of their principle, 

 which is, they allege, not to encroach on the liber- 

 ties of the people, but to secure those liberties by 

 preserving the institutions of the country. 



TOTILA, king of the Ostrogoths in Italy, 

 succeeded to the throne in 541, having previously 

 distinguished himself in the war against the Romans. 

 The confusion among the Goths at this period in- 

 duced the Romans to make an attempt upon their 

 capital, Verona; but Totila repeatedly defeated 

 them, marched through Italy, and formed the block- 

 ade of Naples, which was obliged to surrender, and 

 having reduced the provinces of Lucania, Apulia, 

 and Calabria, led his army to the neighbourhood of 

 Rome, and posted himself at Tivoli, within eigh- 

 teen miles from the capital. Justinian now recalled 

 Belisarius from the Persian war, and sent him to its 

 relief; but he was unable, from disparity of force, to 

 meet the 'Goths in the field, and Rome fell into the 

 possession of Totila. He indulged his Goths with 

 free liberty of pillage, and then sent an embassy to 



Justinian to proffer a treaty of amity, which being 

 rejected, he proceeded to the demolition of the city, 

 and had destroyed a third part, when he was induced 

 by Belisarius to desist. On quitting it, however, 

 to march to Lucania, he carried the senators along 

 with him, and Belisarius and his small army soon 

 after occupied the vacant city, and began to repair 

 the fortifications and recall the inhabitants. Upon 

 intelligence of this event Totila returned and made 

 a furious assault, in which he was repulsed with 

 great loss ; and symptoms of disobedience began to 

 appear in his army. Having received a reinforce- 

 ment, however, he made a second attempt, and Ity 

 the treachery of some Isaurian guards, was enabled 

 to re-enter Rome. On this occasion he restored 

 the senators to their honours, and the inhabitants 

 to their possessions, and repaired many of the walls 

 and buildings which he had formerly demolished. 

 He then made proposals to Justinian a second time, 

 which were not even listened to, and, passing over 

 to Sicily, made himself master of that island, as also 

 those of Sardinia and Corsica. His troops were, in 

 the mean time, besieging Ancona ; but a naval force 

 being sent to its relief, the siege was raised, and the 

 recovery of Sicily soon after followed. At length 

 Justinian recalled Belisarius, and despatched a 

 powerful army under Narses, which advanced di- 

 rectly towards Rome. Totila met him in the neigh- 

 bourhood of that capital. A furious battle ensued 

 in which the Goths were entirely defeated ; and 

 their leader quitted the field with five companions. 

 Being overtaken by a party of Gepidae, their com- 

 mander not knowing him, ran a lance through his 

 body. With him expired (A. D. 552) the revived 

 glory of the Goths in Italy. His character is com 

 mended, by the historians of the time, for valour, 

 tempered by humanity and moderation, and justice. 



TOTT, FHANCIS, baron de, a Hungarian noble- 

 man, was born in France, where his father was em- 

 ployed as a public agent, in 1733. In 1755, he ac- 

 companied Vergennes, the French ambassador, to 

 Constantinople, and, after seven years' residence 

 there, during which time he learnt the Turkish 

 language, was appointed French consul in the 

 Crimea. At the breaking out of the revolution, 

 he was commander of Dotiai ; and, being obliged 

 to flee, on account of his anti-republican principles, 

 he retired to Hungary, where he died in 1793. His 

 interesting Memoires sur les Turcs et les Tartares 

 (1784, 4 vols., 8vo.) have been translated into 

 English and several other European languages. 



TOUCAN (ramphastos). These birds, so re- 

 markable for the enormous size of the beak, are 

 found exclusively in the tropical parts of America. 

 The species are numerous, and, in their size, cor- 

 respond to the raven, crow and jay. The colours 

 of the plumage are brilliant ; but black predomin- 

 ates, especially on the upper parts. The beak is 

 also varied with the most beautiful tints during 

 life ; but they disappear in the stuffed specimen, 

 unless prepared in a particular manner. The feet 

 are short and strong, provided with two toes before 

 and two behind ; the wings short and concave ; the 

 bill is long, compressed, curved downwards towards 

 the extremity, and has the margin of the mandibles 

 serrated : it makes a formidable appearance, but is 

 extremely light, weak, and of a cellular consistence. 

 The tongue is long and slender, and remarkable for 

 its resemblance to a feather. The toucans live in 

 small communities, composed of six or eight indivi- 

 duals, and frequent the summits of the highest trees. 

 They are continually in motion, but do not climb, 



