TOUCH TOURMALINE. 



649 



notwithstanding the conformation of their feet. 

 They feed on fruits, especially bananas, insects, and 

 even young birds. They throw their food into the 

 air before swallowing, in order to seize it more 

 favourably. They nestle in hollow trees, and lay 

 two eggs. 



TOUCH. See Feeling. 



TOULON; a seaport of France, depaitment of 

 the Var, on a bay of the Mediterranean, thirty 

 miles south-east of Marseilles, and 220 south of 

 Lyons ; Ion. 5 56' E. ; lat. 43 7' N. ; population, 

 30,171. It is built at the foot of a ridge of moun- 

 tains which shelter it from the north, is surrounded 

 with ramparts, ditches and bastions, and defended 

 by a citadel and a number of forts and batteries. It 

 consists of two parts, the old and new towns ; the 

 former ill built, but the latter in a better style, con- 

 taining the principal public structures, and several 

 straight streets. The chief public buildings in 

 Toulon are the hotel de Ville, the hotel de 1'Inten- 

 dance, eight churches and three hospitals. The 

 environs yield vines, figs, and other products of a 

 warm climate. Toulon has long been one of the 

 chief stations of the French navy, being on the 

 Mediterranean what Brest is on the Atlantic. It 

 has two ports, the old and new, communicating 

 with each other by a canal. The old or commercial 

 port is a basin, commodious, but not large. The 

 new or military port is one of the finest in Europe, 

 and is said to be capable of containing 200 sail of 

 the line. The arsenal, situated along the side of 

 the new port, is a very large edifice, well filled with 

 arms and naval stores. Here are docks for ship- 

 building, store houses for timber, manufactures for 

 canvass, cordage, anchors, &c. The trade of Tou- 

 lon is not extensive, being limited to the products 

 of the vicinity, such as wine, oil, silk and fruit. In 

 1707, the town was bombarded by the allies, under 

 the duke of Savoy and prince Eugene, by land, and 

 by the English and Dutch fleets by sea, and nearly 

 destroyed, but the assailants were obliged to raise 

 the siege. It was occupied by the British troops 

 in 1793 ; but, being besieged by the French troops 

 under Bonaparte, the British abandoned it (Decem- 

 ber 19) after burning and carrying oif about half of 

 the squadron contained in the port. The bagnio 

 of Toulon is capable of receiving more than 4000 

 convicts sentenced to the galleys. 



TOULOUSE ; a city of France, capital of Upper 

 Garonne, formerly capital of Upper Languedoc, on 

 the Garonne, near the junction of the canal of Lan- 

 guedoc; Ion. 1 27' E. ; lat, 43 36' N. ; popula- 

 tion, 55,319. The buildings are almost all of brick : 

 the walls enclose a space larger than any other city 

 in France ; but there is much vacant ground. Some 

 of the streets are tolerably broad ; others are wind- 

 ing and irregular. There is a fine bridge over the 

 Garonne, 810 feet long. It is an archbishop's see, 

 and contains a cathedral, forty Catholic churches, 

 one Reformed church, two hospitals, a mint, a royal 

 college, a provincial university or academy, an ob- 

 servatory, a museum, or public library, and a capi- 

 tole, or town-house. The situation of Toulouse is 

 advantageous ; but the commerce and manufactures 

 are inconsiderable. Toulouse is an ancient town : in 

 the sixth century, it was the capital of the Visigoths 

 (see Goths'), and afterwards became the residence 

 of the counts of Toulouse, till the union of Lan- 

 guedoc with France. In 1814, Soult was defeated 

 here by Wellington, and the town was taken by the 

 British (April 11). The archbishop of Toulouse, 

 minister of Louis XVI., was Lomenie de Bricnne. 



TOUR AND TAXIS. See Thurn and Taxis. 



TOURAINE ; before the revolution, a province 

 of France, bounded north by Maine, east by Orlean- 

 nais, south by Berry and Poitou, and west by An- 

 jou. It is about sixty miles in length, and fifty-four 

 in breadth. The river Loire runs through it, and 

 divides it into Higher and Lower Touraine. Tours 

 was the capital. See Department. 



TOURMALINE ; one of the most interesting 

 species in the mineral kingdom, on account of the 

 forms of its crystals, its various and rich colours, its 

 electrical properties, and its chemical composition. 

 The general form of its crystals is a prism of three 

 six or more sides, variously terminated at one or 

 both extremities ; when at both, the two termina- 

 tions being dissimilar. The primary form is an ob- 

 tuse rhomboid of 133 50' ; and the secondary cry- 

 stals, or occurring forms, may be conceived of by 

 supposing the lateral solid angles deeply truncated, 

 so as to extinguish the lateral edges, and convert 

 the rhomboid into a prism with trihedral termina- 

 tions. This prism is sometimes eight to ten times 

 longer than thick ; instead of six sides, it often has 

 twelve, or a much greater number, and rarely be. 

 comes, through the multiplication of lateral faces, 

 nearly cylindrical. The trihedral summits have 

 their apices truncated also, and their edges variously 

 bevelled ; cleavage is rarely visible, and cannot be 

 determined with certainty ; fracture imperfect con- 

 choidal, or uneven. The sides of the prism are 

 deeply striated longitudinally : the terminal faces 

 are generally smooth. Lustre vitreous; colour 

 brown, green, blue, red, white, frequently black, 

 generally dark; streak white; transparent to opaque; 

 less transparent, if viewed in a direction parallel 

 to the axis, than perpendicular to it, and general, 

 ly presents different colours in these directions ; 

 hardness a little above that of quartz ; specific 

 gravity 3-07. Besides the crystals, tourmaline is 

 found massive, the composition being usually colum- 

 nar ; individuals of various sizes, thin, straight, 

 parallel or divergent. Tourmaline and schorl, 

 which were once distinguished as two particular 

 species, differ only in their colours and transparency. 

 The varieties of green, blue, red, brown and white 

 colour, and such in general as are not perfectly 

 black, were included under tourmaline ; 'while the 

 black and opaque ones constituted schorl. The red 

 variety is sometimes called rubellite, and the blue 

 one, indicolite. The composition of the species is 

 as follows : 



, 



Boracic acid. 

 Oxide of iron, 

 Oxide of manganese 

 Potash, 

 Lithia, 



Lime, . 



Magnrjia, 

 Water and IOM, 



By C. O. GUI 



Red Varitt 

 36-^3 

 42.12 

 5-74 



0-un 



632 

 2-45 

 2-C4 

 1 20 

 0-00 



Arfvedcon. Vauque 



1 31 



BIlK 



40 -SO 

 4030 

 MO 

 4 -Si 



i -in 



I'll 

 4-30 

 0-00 

 0-00 

 360 



39-110 

 40-00 

 0000 



liSll 

 2-00 

 000 



o-oo 

 3.84 



OOil 

 000 



C. (4. Gmelin 



11:... k 



33 -i4 



38-92 

 0-60 

 7-20 

 0-00 

 2.53 

 0-00 

 000 

 3-80 

 0-03 



Those which contain lithia intumesce before the 

 blow-pipe, and assume a slaggy appearance, but do 

 not melt ; those which contain soda intumesce still 

 more, but likewise do not melt, except on the 

 edges ; those containing lime intumesce very much, 

 and melt into a white slag. Long crystals of 

 tourmaline assume, by heat, opposite kinds of 

 electricity at their opposite extremities ; and 

 transparent pieces which have been cut and polished 

 are electrical at common temperatures without fric- 

 tion or pressure. Tourmaline is a very abundant 

 mineral in granitic rocks, occurring imbedded in 

 them in larger or smaller masses, sometimes occupy- 



