TOURNAY TOUSSAINT-LOUVERTURE. 



651 



France, the death of Henry II., who was accident- j 

 ally killed, at a tournament, by count Montgomery 

 in 1559, contributed to hasten their abolition ; and 

 they were little practised after the sixteenth cen- 

 tury. Tournaments were succeeded by the car- 

 rousel, in which several parties of knights executed 

 various evolutions, and mock combats, and other 



shows were exhibited See Mills's History of 



Chivalry, ch. vi., on Tournaments and Jousts ; and 

 Ferrario, Romanzi di Cavalleria, diss. v. ; Sui 

 Tornei, sulle Giostre, &c. (Milan, 1828). 



TOURNAY, OR DOORNICK; a city of Bel- 

 gium, in Hainaut (q. v.), on the Scheldt, three 

 posts east of Lille, and thirty-one north of Paris ; 

 Ion. 3 23' E. ; lat. 50 30' N. ; population, 33,000. 

 It is a bishop's see, has a citadel, a cathedral, 

 twelve parish churches, seventeen convents, and 

 five hospitals. It formerly had a university, now 

 converted into a lyceum. On the side of the 

 Scheldt is a broad, handsome quay, the only embel- 

 lishment of the town, which is, in general, ill built 

 and gloomy. It has manufactures of woollen and 

 cotton stuffs, was formerly strongly fortified, and 

 had one of the finest citadels in Europe, which was 

 levelled by the French in the middle of the eigh- 

 teenth century. It was anciently the capital of the 

 Nervii, and was the residence of some of the Prank- 

 ish kings of the first dynasty. This city has often 

 been taken in the wars between the French, Eng- 

 lish and Flemings. 



TOURNEFORT, JOSEPH PITTON DE, an emin- 

 ent French botanist, born at Aix, in Provence, in 

 1656, was educated at the Jesuits' college in that 

 city. His passion for botany disclosed itself at an 

 early age, so that in a short time he had made him- 

 self acquainted with all the plants in the vicinity. 

 Though destined for the church, he continued his 

 botanical researches by stealth ; and, encouraged 

 by an uncle, who was an eminent physician, ap- 

 plied to the study of anatomy and chemistry. In 

 1677, being left, by the death of his father, to 

 pursue his own inclinations, he determined to adopt 

 the medical profession, and for that purpose re- 

 paired, in 1679, to Montpellier. In 1683, he was 

 appointed professor of botany to the garden of 

 plants at Paris, and soon after visited Spain, Por- 

 tugal, England and Holland. In 1691, he was 

 elected a member of the academy of sciences, and, 

 in 1694, published his first work, entitled Elemens 

 de Botanique (3 vols., 8vo., with numerous plates). 

 The method established by Tournefort was founded 

 upon the varieties of the petals of flowers, taken 

 in conjunction with the fruit. It became rapidly 

 popular by its facility and elegance, although im- 

 perfections were pointed out in it by Ray. In 

 1696, he was admitted a doctor of the faculty of 

 Paris, and composed the History of Plants in the 

 Neighbourhood of Paris (first edition, 1698; re- 

 printed by Jussieu in 1725, in 2 vols. ; an English 

 translation was given by professor Martyn.in 1732). 

 In 1700, he gave a Latin version of his Elements 

 of Botany, with many valuable additions, and a 

 learned preface, under the title of Institutiones Rei 

 Herbaria (3 vols., 4to.). In the same year, he re- 

 ceived an order from the king to travel into the 

 Levant, for the purpose of examining the plants 

 mentioned by writers of antiquity, and accordingly 

 visited Greece and its islands, and Asia Minor as 

 far as the frontiers of Persia. He returned to 

 France by way of Smyrna, in 1702 ; and the first 

 botanical fruits of his travels appeared the following 

 year, in a supplement to his Elements of Botany. 



He died in 1708, leaving his cabinet of curiosities 

 to the king for public use, and his botanical books 

 to the abbe Bignon. The first volume of his travels 

 was printed at the Louvre before his death and the 

 second being completed from his manuscripts, both 

 were published in 1717, with the title of Relation 

 d'un Voyage du Levant (2 vols., 4to.\ Of this 

 work, which stands high among books of the class, 

 there have been several editions, and it has been 

 translated into English. 



TOURNIQUET ; an instrument employed in 

 the practice of surgery to stop bleeding. It can, 

 however, only be applied to the limbs, and its use 

 is only intended to be temporary. 

 TOURNOIS, LIVRE. See Livre. 

 TOURS; a city of France, capital of Indre- 

 and-Loire, on the Loire; 140 miles south-west of 

 Paris; Ion. 41' E. ; lat. 47 24' N. ; population, 

 20,920. It is situated in a delightful plain, in one 

 of the finest parts of France, the surrounding 

 country being remarkably beautiful. It is an archi- 

 ' episcopal see, and contains a cathedral, remarkable 

 : for its lofty spire, and library (30,000 vols.), four- 

 j teen churches, three hospitals, a botanic garden, and 

 I a museum. The houses are generally low, and the 

 ! most of the streets are narrow and gloomy. But 

 the Rue neuve, or royale, is a street of great ele- 

 gance, the houses being built of stone, on a uniform 

 plan. The bridge over the Loire, 1400 feet long 

 and forty-five wide, consists of fourteen arches. 

 The approach to the town is remarkably fine, the 

 avenues being bordered with rows of trees. The 

 principal manufacture is that of silk, which former- 

 ly employed in the town and neighbourhood 20,000 

 people; but at present not more than one third of 

 that number. Tours was formerly more populous 

 than at present. Before the revolution it was the 

 capital of Touraine. In 732, the Saracens were 

 defeated, by Charles Martel, near this town, with 

 the loss of 10,000 men. 



TOUSSAINT-LOUVERTURE, the celebrated 

 black chieftain, was born a slave, in the year 1745, 

 upon the plantation of count de Noe, situated near 

 cape Franjais, now cape Haytien. His amiable de- 

 portment as a slave, the patience, mildness and bene- 

 volence of his disposition, and the purity of his con- 

 duct amid the general laxity of morals which prevailed 

 in the island, gained for him many of those advan- 

 tages which afterwards gave him such absolute ascen- 

 dency over his insurgent brethren. His good quali- 

 ties attracted the attention of M. Bayou de Liber- 

 tas, the agent on the estate, who taught him read- 

 ing, writing, and arithmetic elements of know- 

 ledge which hardly one in ten thousand of his fel- 

 low slaves possessed. M. Bayou made him his 

 postilion, which gave him advantages much above 

 those of the field-slaves. When the general rising 

 of the blacks took place, in 1791, much solicitation 

 was used to induce Toussaint to join them ; but 

 he declined, until he had procured an opportunity 

 for the escape of M. Bayou and his family to Balti- 

 more, shipping a considerable quantity of sugar for 

 the supply of their immediate wants. In his sub- 

 sequent prosperity, he availed himself of every oc- 

 casion to give them new marks of his gratitude. 

 Having thus provided security for his benefactors, 

 he joined a corps of blacks, under the orders of 

 general Biassou, in the capacity of his lieutenant; 

 but was soon raised to the principal command, Bias- 

 sou being degraded on account of his cruelty and 

 ferocity. Indeed, Toussaint was every way so much 

 superior to the other negroes, by reason of his 



