TOWNLEY TRADITION. 



653 



but the most striking are the effigies of the English 

 kings on horseback, armed cap-a-pie. The line 

 commences with William the Conqueror, and ex- 

 tends to George II. Several of the cuirasses and 

 helmets taken at Waterloo are also kept here. The 

 grand storehouse, north of the white tower, about 

 345 feet in length and 60 in breadth, is composed 

 of brick and stone, was begun by James II. and 

 finished by William III. The upper story is oc- 

 cupied by the small armoury, containing arms for 

 about 200,000 men, all kept bright and clean, and 

 numerous historical curiosities. The Spanish 

 armoury is principally occupied by the trophies 

 taken from the Spanish armada, such as thumb- 

 screws, battle-axes, boarding-pikes, &c. Here also 

 are shown a representation of queen Elizabeth in 

 armour; the axe which severed the head of Anna 

 Boleyn, as well as that of the earl of Essex ; the 

 invincible banner taken from the Spanish armada; 

 a wooden cannon used by Henry VIII. at the siege 

 of Boulogne, &c. The Beauchamp tower is noted 

 for the illustrious personages formerly confined 

 within its walls. Amongst them were the ill-fated 

 Anna Boleyn and the accomplished lady Jane Grey. 

 The former is said to have written her memorable 

 letter to Henry VIII. in the apartment called the 

 mess-house. The lion's tower, built by Edward 

 IV. was originally called the bulwark, but received 

 its present name from being occupied as the mena- 

 gerie. It is situated on the right of the inner en- 

 trance to the Tower ; but the animals kept here 



are not numerous See Bayley's History of the 



Tower (2 vols., 4to., 1821), and Britton and Bray- 

 ley's Memoirs of the Tower (1 vol., 12mo., 1830). 



TOWNLEY, CHARLES, a gentleman of large 

 fortune, which he employed in the collection of 

 antiquities, was born at Townley hall, in Lanca- 

 shire, in 1737. The religious opinions of his 

 family preventing his receiving a university educa- 

 tion in England, he was sent to the continent. ; and 

 a residence at Rome enabled him to form a museum, 

 replete with valuable manuscripts, specimens of the 

 finest sculpture, medals, vases, urns and other relics 

 of ancient art. These he transported, eventually, 

 to England, and bequeathed to the British museum. 

 (See Terra Cotta.) His death took place January 

 3, 1805. 



TOWNS. We have already given an account 

 of the rise and growth of towns in modern Europe, 

 and of their moral and political influence upon so- 

 ciety, in the articles City, and Community. (See 

 these articles, and also Hanse Towns, and Free 

 Cities.) In a general sense, town, in England, is a 

 walled place, or borough, and comprehends the 

 several species of cities, boroughs, and common 

 towns or villages ; but in a narrower sense, it is 

 restricted to the latter class of places, a city being 

 a place which is or has been a bishop's see, and a 

 borough a place which sends members to parliament. 



TOWTON ; a village of England, in Yorkshire, 

 three miles south-east of Tadcaster. A sanguinary 

 battle was fought here, between the forces of the 

 houses of York and Lancaster, in 1401, in which 

 the latter were completely defeated. See Ed- 

 ward IV. 



TOXICOLOGY (f' - om ,-*, properly the 

 poison which the ancients put upon arrows and 

 spears) ; the science of poisons and antidotes. The 

 works of Frank and Orfila are distinguished in 

 this branch, also Buchner's and Witting's. See 

 Poisons. 



TRACHEOTOMY, OR BRONCHOTOMY 



(from trachea, or P>^y^si the windpipe, and rtftiv, 

 to cut); also LARYNGOTOMY (from x*y?, 

 the larynx, and n^u'). This is an operation in 

 which an opening is made into the larynx, or wind- 

 pipe, either for the purpose of making a passage for 

 the air into and out of the lungs, when any disease 

 prevents the patient from breathing through the 

 mouth and nostrils, or of extracting foreign bodies, 

 which have accidentally fallen into the windpipe ; 

 or, lastly, in order to be able to inflate the lungs, 

 in cases of sudden suffocation, drowning, &c. Its 

 practicableness, and little danger, are founded on 

 the facility with which certain wounds of the wind- 

 pipe, even of the most complicated kind, have been 

 healed, without leaving any ill effects whatever, 

 and on the nature of the parts cut, which are not 

 furnished with any vessel of consequence. 



TRACKSHUYT. See Treckshuyt. 



TRACTORS, METALLIC. See Perkins. 



TRADE OF THE WORLD. See Commerce 

 of the World. 



TRADE-WINDS (so called from their favour- 

 ing commerce) ; easterly winds which constantly 

 prevail, with slight variations, in certain regions 

 within the tropics. It is a common notion, that 

 the north-east trade-wind blows exactly from the 

 north-east point nearly to the equator, when it 

 gradually becomes more and more easterly, till at 

 length it blows due east ; and so with the south- 

 east trade. This notion is, however, erroneous 

 The trade-winds, in the Atlantic and Pacific oceans, 

 extend to about 28 of latitude each side of the 

 equator ; so that a ship, after passing 30, may ex- 

 pect to enter them every day. But, on first en- 

 tering them, they will be found to blow from the 

 east, or even a little southerly, and, as you advance, 

 to draw round gradually to north-east, and even 

 north, at the southern limit of the north-east trade, 

 where it is commonly represented as being due east. 

 This limit varies with the position of the sun, 

 reaching, when the sun has a southern declination, 

 to within three or four degrees north latitude, and, 

 as the sun acquires a more northern declination, 

 receding ten or twelve degrees from the equator. 

 At this point, the mariner enters the region of 

 calms and variables, as they are called, where the 

 wind has a more or less southerly direction, and 

 sometimes blows freshly from the south-south-west. 

 This region varies from 150 to 550 miles, and is 

 subject to heavy rains. On passing this range, the 

 south-east trade begins, and displays the same 

 phenomena as the north-east. To the north and 

 south of the north-east and south-east trades, 

 westerly winds will be found generally to prevail, 

 though less regular in the northern than in the 

 southern hemisphere; and it has been remarked 

 that the average of the passages made by the Liver- 

 pool packets from New York to Liverpool, for a 

 period of six years, was twenty-three days, and from 

 Liverpool to New York, that is, from east to west, 

 thirty-eight days. 



TRADITION, in its general application, is any 

 knowledge handed down from one generation to 

 another by oral communication. This is the shape 

 in which history appears before the art of writing 

 is invented or introduced ; and the later this takes 

 place, the farther back does tradition extend, till it 

 loses itself in mythology. Any person who has no- 

 ticed the manner in which facts are distorted, even 

 at the present day, if not protected against gradual 

 change and misrepresentation by unquestionable 

 documents, although the sources of correct infer- 



