TRANSEPT TRANSIT. 



657 



ncetidental. The school of Kant makes a still fur- ' 

 ther distinction : it gives the name of transcenden- 

 tal to that which does not indeed originate from 

 experience, but yet is connected with it, because 

 it contains the grounds of the possibility of ex- 

 perience; but the term transcendent it applies to . 

 that which cannot be connected with experience, 

 but transcends the limit of possible experience and 

 of philosophizing. The transcendent, therefore, is 

 properly opposed to the immanent. Immanent prin- 

 ciples are those the application of which is confined 

 entirely within the limits of possible experience. 

 " 1 call all knowledge transcendental" says Kant, 

 in the Critique of pure Reason, " which occupies 

 itself not so much with objects as with the way 

 of knowing these objects, as far as this is possible 

 a priori. A system of such notions would be ; 

 called transcendental philosophy, and would be the 

 system of all the principles of pure reason ;" or, 

 as he says in another passage, "the philosophy of 

 the pure, merely speculative reason, from which 

 the practical is separated." Accordingly, metaphy- 

 sics, in particular, has received the name of tran- 

 scendental philosophy. But, in another passage, he 

 distinguishes the metaphysical from the transcen- 

 dental. The former presents notions as obtained 

 a priori; the latter explains the principles from 

 which the possibility of other synthetic knowledge 

 can be understood a priori. 



In mathematics, transcendental or transcendent 

 lines, are those curves the nature of which cannot 

 be explained by algebraic equations. Descartes 

 called them mechanical lines, and refused them a 

 place in mathematics; but Leibnitz received them 

 again, inventing a peculiar kind of equations, by 

 which their nature is as well explained as that of 

 algebraic curves. 



TRANSEPT. See Architecture. 



TRANSFERRING. The following is the mode 

 of transferring lithographic prints or copperplate 

 engravings from paper to wood. The print is first 

 placed in a vessel of water, until it is completely 

 saturated, which will be about five or ten minutes, 

 and then placed between blotting paper, to remove 

 the superabundant water from its surface. It is 

 then varnished by a brush, and applied immediately 

 to the wood, which has been previously varnished, 

 and allowed to dry. The print thus applied may 

 be subjected to the pressure necessary to effect its 

 complete adhesion, by spreading over it a sheet of 

 paper, and rubbing this with the hand. The paper 

 on which the print was made may then be peeled 

 off by rubbing it cautiously with the moistened fin- 

 gers, and, when wholly removed, a coat of varnish 

 must be applied to the print. When coloured prints 

 are to be transferred, an acid solution must be used 

 instead of water, to destroy the size which exists 

 in the paper. This solution may be composed of 

 two-thirds of vinegar and one-third of water, and 

 is to be applied only to the back of the print. If 

 the article is to be polished, apply several coats of 

 varnish, allowing each to dry before the application 

 of another; and then rub the surface with a piece 

 of woollen cloth and pumice stone reduced to im- 

 palpable powder. When the surface becomes 

 smooth, the process may be continued with a fine 

 cloth and the finest tripoli, with olive oil. 



TRANSFIGURATION, in the language of the 

 church ; the glorification of Christ on mount Ta- 

 bor, in memory of which the Roman Catholic church 

 celebrates a feast of the first rank on August 6, 

 which seems to have been established as late as the 



VI. 



twelfth century. Pope Calixtus III., in 1456, at- 

 tached to this many indulgences, in memory of a 

 victory gained over the Turks. One of the most 

 beautiful pictures of Raphael is known under this 

 name. It is in the Vatican. Dorigny and Morghen 

 have given fine engravings of it. 



TRANSFUSION (transfusio, from transfundo, 

 to pour from one vessel into another) ; the trans- 

 mission of blood from one living animal to another. 

 Harvey was thirty years before he could get his 

 discovery admitted ; but as soon as the circulation 

 was acknowledged, people's minds were seized with 

 a sort of delirium : it was thought that the means 

 of curing all diseases was found, and even of ren- 

 dering man immortal. The cause of all our evils 

 was attributed to the blood : in order to cure them, 

 nothing more was necessary but to remove the bad 

 blood, and to replace it by pure blood, drawn from 

 a sound animal. The first attempts were made 

 upon animals with complete success. A dog, hav- 

 ing lost a great part of its blood, received, by trans- 

 fusion, that of a sheep, and became well. Another 

 dog, old and deaf, regained, by this means, the use 

 of hearing, and seemed to recover its youth. A 

 horse of twenty-six years, having received in his 

 veins the blood of four lambs, recovered his strength. 

 Transfusion was soon attempted upon man. Denys 

 and Emerez, the one a physician, the other a sur- 

 geon of Paris, were the first who ventured to try 

 it. They introduced into the veins of a young man, 

 an idiot, the blood of a calf, in greater quantity than 

 that which had been drawn from them, and he ap- 

 peared to recover his reason. A leprous person, 

 and a quartan ague, were also cured by this means, 

 and several other transfusions were made upon 

 healthy persons without any disagreeable result. 

 However, some sad events happened to calm the 

 general enthusiasm caused by these repeated suc- 

 cesses. The young idiot we mentioned fell into a 

 state of madness a short time after the experiment. 

 He was submitted a second time to the transfusion, 

 and was immediately seized with a hcEmaturi, and 

 died in a state of sleepiness and torpor. A young 

 prince of the blood royal was also a victim of it. 

 The parliament of Paris prohibited transfusion. A 

 short time after, G. Riva having, in Italy, performed 

 the transfusion upon two individuals, who died of 

 it, the pope prohibited it also. From this period, 

 transfusion has been regarded as useless, and even 

 dangerous. 



TRANSIT, in astronomy. By a transit over 

 the disk of the sun, we understand the phenomenon 

 which occurs when Venus or Mercury, in their re- 

 volution round the sun, pass between the sun and 

 the eye of the observer on this earth, and appear 

 to move like black spots over the sun's disk, their 

 illuminated portion being the side turned from the 

 spectator. If this phenomenon is observed by dif- 

 ferent persons at points considerably distant from 

 each other, it will not be of equal duration at all of 

 these points ; and as the differences of time depend 

 on the parallax (q. v.) of the planet as well as the 

 sun, the former will enable us to determine the lat- 

 ter. The transits of Venus are particularly suited 

 to this purpose. Such a transit of Venus over the 

 siyi's disk, accompanied with very favourable cir- 

 cumstances, occurred last, June 3, 1769, and forms 

 an epoch in the history of astronomy. The royal 

 society of London had it observed at Hudson's bay 

 and Otaheite ; the French court, by Chappe, in 

 California; the Danish, by Hell, at Wardhus, in 

 Lapland; the Swedish, by Planmann, at Kajane- 



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