TREASURY TRENCK. 



667 



dignity of the head of the state. The Austrian penal 

 code of 1805 defines high treason to be, 1. the vio- 

 lation of the personal safety of the sovereign, and, 

 2. undertakings for effecting a violent revolution 

 of the government, or for producing or increasing a 

 danger to the state from abroad. The Bavarian 

 code (1813, of Freuerbach) assumes a kind of trea- 

 son, without giving a definition of it, of which the 

 first degree is called high treason, and is committed 

 by attacks on the person of the king, with the in- 

 tention of killing him, taking him prisoner, or deli- 

 vering him into the hands of the enemy, and by 

 attacks on the independence and constitution of the 

 state. Assisting the enemy is treason of the second 

 degree : treachery to the state, by the delivery of 

 papers, &c., belongs to the third class : in the fourth, 

 very different acts are brought together, such as 

 applying to a foreign power, on account of a legal 

 claim against the state, injuring foreign sovereigns, 

 and ambassadors, inducing subjects to emigrate, and 

 levying soldiers for foreign powers. In the new 

 plan of 1822 (by Conner), these ideas are some- 

 what differently arranged. The second class of j 

 treasons is united with high treason ; the idea of 

 treason against the state is limited to the third 

 class ; and the fourth is brought under the title of 

 actions dangerous to the security of the state. High 

 treason is distinguished from other crimes, inasmuch 

 as it is regarded as wholly perpetrated, i. e. is ob- 

 noxious to the full punishment of the law, so soon 

 as the design is evinced by actions, and inasmuch as 

 those are participators in it who are acquainted with 

 treasonable projects and do not reveal them. 



TREASURY. In England there was formerly 

 a lord high treasurer, who was the principal officer 

 of the crown, and under whose charge was the 

 treasure in the royal exchequer. He was invested 

 with his office by the delivery of a white staff to 

 him by the king. But for upwards of a century, 

 the management of the treasury has been put in 

 commission. There are five commissioners, among 

 whom are the first lord of the treasury, and the 

 chancellor of the exchequer. The former is consi- 

 dered as prime minister, and has the appointment 

 of all offices employed in collecting the revenues of 

 the crown, the disposal of all places relating to the 

 revenue, and power to let leases of crown lands. 

 The latter, to whom is specially intrusted the reve- 

 nue and expenditure of the nation, commonly takes 

 the lead of the ministerial party in the house of 

 commons, in which the seats occupied by that party 

 are called the treasury benches. The offices of the 

 first lord of the treasury and chancellor of the ex- 

 chequer are sometimes united in the same person, 

 when the former is a commoner, as in the case of 

 Pitt and Canning. 



TREBIA ; a river of Italy, duchy of Parma, 

 which falls into the Po above Piacenza. It is noted 

 as the scene of Hannibal's second victory over the 

 Romans (see Hannibal}, and was also the scene of 

 Suwarrow's victory over the French in 1799. 



TREBISOND, OR TARABOSAN (anciently 

 Trapezus~) ; a city of Asiatic Turkey, capital of a 

 pachalic, with a harbour on the Black Sea, founded 

 by a Greek colony of Sinope ; Ion. 39 28' E. ; lat. 

 41 3' N. ; population estimated at about 15,000. 

 The houses, mostly built of stone and lime, are of a 

 mean appearance. It contains eighteen mosques, 

 eight khans, five baths, and ten Greek churches, 

 and is the residence of a pacha and a Greek metro- 

 politan. The trade is considerable. The present 

 walls are built of the ruins of the ancient edifices. 



The castle, which is much neglected, is situated 

 upon a rock, and its ditches are cut in the rock. 

 Trebisond was, at one time, the capital of a small 

 kingdom, erected by Alexius, a Byzantine prince, at 

 the time when the capital of the empire was cap- 

 tured (1204) by the Latins or crusaders from the 

 West. (See Byzantine Empire.} His successors 

 assumed the imperial title, and continued to bear 

 their family name, Comneni. (q. v.) After this 

 little state had existed for two centuries, Moham- 

 med II. besieged and captured the king in his capi- 

 tal (1461), and incorporated the kingdom with the 

 Turkish territories. See Fallmerayer's Histort of 

 the Empire of Trebisond (in German, Munich, 185J7.) 



TREBUCHET, OR CUCKING-STOOL. See 

 Clicking -Stool. 



TRECHT, DRECHT, TRICHT ; termination 

 of many Dutch names (derived from the Latin tra- 

 jectum, passage, ford), as Dordrecht, Utrecht, Mas- 

 tricht (passage of the Masa, Meuse). It is the 

 same as the German Furt. 



TRECKSCHUYT ; a sort of covered vessel, 

 sixteen to twenty-six paces long, and three to six 

 broad, drawn by horses, and used in the Nether- 

 lands on the canals. They go at fixed times from 

 one town to another, and have generally a large 

 apartment for all the travellers, together with a 

 cabin for those who wish to be private. 



TREE. See Botany. 



TREE-NAILS; certain long, cylindrical wooden 

 pins, employed to connect the planks of the ship's 

 side and bottom to the corresponding timbers. 

 They are superior to spike nails or bolts, which are 

 liable to rust and loosen. The thickness of the 

 tree-nails is usually proportioned to the length of 

 the ship, allowing one inch to every hundred feet. 



TREE OF LIBERTY. See Liberty Tree. 



TREMOLITE. See Hornblende. 



TRENCHES are, in general, all those works 

 which are used in attacking a fortress; hence, when 

 a siege is commenced, the trenches are said to be 

 opened. Ditches are dug from three to five feet 

 deep, from ten to twelve feet broad, and the earth 

 taken from them is thrown up on the side toward 

 the fortress, to afford a defence against the shot. 

 In order to protect the flanks, the ditches are so 

 extended as to reach beyond the fortress. This 

 gives to the trenches a zigzag form. Trenches of 

 this kind were first used by the French, at the siege 

 of Harfleur, 1449. The idea of this mode of pro- 

 ceeding is found even among the ancients. Some- 

 times the besieged construct counter trenches (con- 

 tre approches}, to the extreme point of the trenches 

 of the besiegers, and place cannon on them. 



TRENCK, FREDERICK, baron von der, a Prus- 

 sian officer, born at Konigsberg, in 1726, was the 

 descendant of an ancient family. In his youth he 

 displayed an adventurous disposition, and, at the 

 age of sixteen, was admitted to the court of Frederic 

 the Great, as a cadet in the regiment of guards. 

 The king made him his aid-de-camp, and, in the 

 seven years' war, Trenck greatly signalized himself. 

 An intrigue with the sister of Frederick involved 

 him in severe misfortunes, and he was at length 

 imprisoned in the fortress of Glatz, under pretext 

 of his carrying on a correspondence with his cousin, 

 Francis von der Trenck, commander of the Pandoors 

 in the service of Austria. Having effected his 

 escape, his relation, general Lieven, who was in the 

 service of Russia, persuaded him to go to Moscow, 

 where he \\as exceedingly well received. Having 

 visite-i Sweden, Denmark, and Holland, he returned 



