674, 



TRICOLORE TRIGONOMETRY. 



many military men having been, besides, incorpor- 

 ated with them, the white colour of the Bourbons 

 was added to the colours of Paris, and thus arose the 

 famous white, red, and blue ensign, which accom- 

 panied the French armies in Egypt, Spain, and 

 Russia. It may not be irrelevant to remark, that 

 the colours composing the tricolore have been suc- 

 cessively those of the French standard for many 

 centuries. The most ancient national standard of 

 France is what is now called chape de Saint-Martin, 

 though probably it did not refer to the garment of 

 the saint, but to the standard of his ubbey. St 

 .Man in of Tours was one of the first apostles of 

 Gaul ; and the religious banners of saints were, at 

 early periods, assumed by the warriors, who com- 

 mended themselves to their protection. This ban- 

 ner was blue, and became that of France. Probably 

 about the beginning of the " third race " of kings, 

 when the sovereigns resided permanently at Paris, 

 St Denis, the saint of Paris, became more impor- 

 tant, and his banner was adopted as the common 

 standard of the country. It is the famous ori- 

 Jlamme : the colour was red. During the crusades, 

 the cross took the place of the flag ; and we must 

 often look for its colour to find the national colour 

 of that period. The French cross was red, and the 

 English white ; and it is difficult to ascertain ex- 

 actly the period when the interchange of colours 

 between these two nations occurred. It is gene- 

 rally placed under Charles VII. ; but we find the 

 white cross even under Charles VI. The change 

 probably happened under Philip of Valois. At this 

 period the English kings began to claim the sove- 

 reignty of France, and naturally adopted also the 

 colour of France : they were, moreover, of the 

 house of Lancaster, whose cognizance was the red 

 rose. When the English were in possession of Pa- 

 ris, it was impossible for France to retain the red 

 oriflamme as a distinguishing sign. Charles VII., 

 moreover, wished to place France under the protec- 

 tion of the Virgin, whose emblem is often the white 

 lily. Hence France adopted the white colour ; and 

 the standard of that time was known under the 

 name of cornette blanche. Other changes were 

 made afterwards. The king of Navarre and the 

 Calvinistic party wore white scarfs ; and the king 

 himself wore the colour after he became Henry IV. 

 But it seems that from time immemorial, a trico- 

 loured flag was the national banner, as contradis- 

 tinguished from that of the monarchy. When the 

 Dutch asked Henry IV. to give them the colours 

 of France, he gave them the tricoloured standard, 

 which has ever since remained the Dutch flag, as 

 well as that of the kingdom of the Netherlands. 

 It is, like the French, red, blue, and white, only 

 the colours are in a different order from those of 

 France. The livery of Louis XIV. was tricoloured, 

 blue, with white and red galoon lace. The vain 

 Louis obliged his grandchild to take this livery with 

 him to Spain, where it has descended to this day. 

 The same was continued by the French descend- 

 ants of Louis till the flight of Charles X. Louis 

 also gave a tricoloured livery to Philip of Orleans, 

 red, with white and blue galoon lace. It is now 

 the livery of the servants of Louis-Philippe. In 

 the eighteenth century, when Spain, France and 

 Bavaria concluded an alliance, a coekade was in- 

 vented to be worn by the armies of all three, in 

 which th,e red of Spain, the white of France, and 

 the blue of Bavaria, were united. As early as 

 1458, the colours of Paris were blue and red. Like 

 many other things produced by the French revolu- 



tion, the fashion of a national cockade was adopted 

 by other nations ; e. g. the Prussian is white and 

 black ; the Dutch orange, from the house of Orange ; 

 the Russian black and orange; the royal Saxon is 

 green and white ; and. by the natural influence of 

 great examples, we find that the liberals of all 

 countries on the continent have adopted a trico- 

 loured banner and cockade the Germans, Italians, 

 Poles, Belgians, &c. The Germans have chosen 

 the three colours of the ancient empire black, red, 

 and gold. 



TRIDENT. See Neptune. 



TRIENNIAL ACT ; the name generally given 

 to the act of parliament, 16 Charles II., " for the 

 assembh'ng and holding of parliaments once in three 

 years at least." This act was confirmed, after the 

 revolution of 1688, by 6 William and Mary, c. 2. 

 Under George I., the septennial parliaments were 

 established. See Septennial Elections. 



TRIESTE (anciently Tergestum; German Tries?, 

 a seaport of the Austrian dominions, in the king- 

 dom of Illyria, capital of a district of the same 

 name, is an open town, and lies at the head of the 

 gulf of Venice, on the bay called the gulf of Trieste, 

 in lat. 40 43' N., Ion. 12 58' E. ; population, 

 40,530, consisting of a mixture of Germans and 

 Italians. As it is the only seaport of Austria 

 which has a convenient harbour, it has an extensive 

 commerce. Among the exports are quicksilver 

 from Idria and Hungary, linen and woollens, printed 

 cottons from Switzerland, Hungarian and Dalma- 

 tian wines, &c. The imports are raw cotton (in 

 1831, 21,000,000 Ibs.), coffee, sugar, spices, fish, 

 indigo, &c. In 1830, 290 vessels entered the port, 

 of which 140 were British, and fifty American. 



TRIFOLIUM. See Clover. 



TRIGLYPHS. See Architecture. 



TRIGONOMETRY ; the art of measuring tri- 

 angles. . The meaning of the word, however, has 

 been much extended, so that it embraces the de- 

 termination of the situation and distance of all the 

 points in a given space, in which the situation and 

 distance of some points are given. The surveyor 

 measures one or more lines and angles, and finds 

 from these all the other points to be settled, by 

 calculation. The great practical usefulness of tri- 

 gonometry is obvious. If we imagine the various 

 parts of the space to be surveyed connected by 

 straight lines, besides the length of the lines and 

 angles which they include, those angles also are to 

 be considered which the various planes to which 

 they relate make with each other. If the geome- 

 ter has chosen some points of mountains, which, for 

 the purpose of the survey, he considers as connected 

 in triangles, they must, as they lie in various planes, 

 be reduced to the horizontal plane ; so that a plan 

 may be drawn, on which all these various elevated 

 objects shall appear in one plane. But if we con- 

 sider the apparent celestial sphere, in the centre of 

 which the observer seems to stand, the various 

 points of the same may be regarded as con- 

 nected by arcs drawn from this centre ; and thus 

 we shall have spherical triangles, as we had before 

 plane ones, which again serve to ascertain the 

 various points on the surface of the sphere. Tri- 

 gonometry is divided into plane and spherical, and, 

 in general, teaches to find, from three given parts 

 of a triangle (of which, however, in plane triangles, 

 one, at least, must be a side), the three remaining 

 parts. How this is done we cannot show here. 

 See the articles Sine, and Triangulating. For fur- 

 ther information, see Fischer's Manual of Plane and 



