TRIUMPHAL COLUMN TROMP. 



679 



architecture. The arch of Trajan, at Ancona, is 

 likewise one of the most elegant works of ancient 

 architecture. The arch of Rimini, erected in hon- 

 our of Augustus, on the occasion of his repairing 

 the Flaminian way, from this town to Rome, is the 

 most ancient of all the antique arches, and, for its 

 size, one of the noblest existing. Many beautiful 

 structures of this kind have been erected in modern 

 times, but principally on the plan, and in imitation 

 of, some one of those above mentioned. Ancient 

 medals often bear figures of this species of architec- 

 ture ; and some of them represent arches which 

 have for centuries past ceased to exist. 



TRIUMPHAL COLUMN. See Column. 



TRIUMVIRATE; an office administered by 

 three men (triumviri). When Caesar was murdered, 

 Antony, Octavius and Lepidus received power to 

 restore order in the state : they were called trium- 

 viri reipublic(B constituendte, and their office the 

 triumvirate. (See Augustus.) The coalition be- 

 tween Caesar, Pompey and Crassus, is also often, 

 but improperly, called a triumvirate, as it was merely 

 a union or conspiracy of three private men, without 

 the public sanction. 



TRIVIUM; the name given, in the middle ages, 

 to the first three of the seven liberal arts grammar, 

 rhetoric and logic. The other four, consisting of 

 arithmetic, music, geometry and astronomy, were 

 called the quadrivium. See Schools. 



TROAD, OR PLAIN OF TROY ; a tract in 

 the north-west part of Asia Minor, to which this 

 name has been applied by modern Europeans, and 

 which included the ancient city of Troy. It now 

 contains no great cities, no grand features of nature, 

 nor even any ancient monuments of extraordinary 

 magnitude. The peculiar interest excited by it de- 

 pends on its being the scene of events celebrated 

 in the immortal verse of Homer. The subject, 

 however, is enveloped in mystery, and it is impos- 

 sible to identify, with certainty, the various objects 

 mentioned by the poet. The most learned travel. 

 lers and inquirers, Chandler, Wood, Chevalier, 

 Bryant, Gell, Clarke, Hobhouse, &c., differ widely 

 in their conclusions. Bryant denies not only that 

 any spot can be identified as Troy, but that there 

 was ever such a place as Troy, or such an event as 

 the Trojan war. Other writers have endeavoured 

 to place Troy in a position farther to the south, 

 and on the shore of the 2Egean sea. But the gene- 

 ral opinion seems now fixed upon that part of the 

 coast of Asia Minor which lies immediately without 

 the narrow sea, anciently called Hellespont, and 

 opposite to the island of Tenedos. Every trace of 

 ancient Troy being obliterated, its site can only be 

 guessed by the relative position of the natural ob- 

 jects alluded to by Homer. Here is a plain of con- 

 siderable extent, watered by several streams, behind 

 which rises a chain of mountains, called by the 

 Turks Kazdaghi, but which correspond to the Gar- 

 garus and Ida of Homer. Of the streams, the most 

 considerable is the Mender, supposed to be the an- 

 cient Scamander. A rivulet which flows into the 

 Mender on the east side, called Callifat Osmack, is 

 thought to be the ancient Simois. The Thrymbrek, 

 a larger river, which flows much farther eastward, 

 and joins the Mender at its mouth, is supposed to 

 be the ancient Thyrnbrius, though some take this 

 to be the Simois. Various ruins are found in differ- 

 ent parts of the plain, as remains of a citadel, of 

 temples, tumuli, fragments of pottery, terra cotta, 

 medals, &c. The city of Troy (Troja), more pro- 

 perly Ilious, or Ilium, was situated upon an elevated 



spot between the Simois and the Scamander. Fable 

 relates, that the name was derived from Tros, son 

 of Ericthonius, and father of Ilos. Paris, son of 

 Priam, one of his successors, having carried away 

 Helen, gave occasion to the Trojan war, which 

 was terminated, after ten years, by the destruction 

 of the city by the victorious Greeks, probably about 

 1 184 B. C. The citadel of Troy was called Per- 

 gamos, which name is sometimes given to the city. 



TROCHEE. See Rhythm. 



TROCHILUS. See Humming Bird. 



TROGLODYTES (from -r^y*.*, cave, and W, 

 to enter) ; individuals or tribes who live in subter- 

 ranean caverns. The ancients mention some tribes 

 of troglodytes in Asia, ./Ethiopia and Egypt, but 

 give little information concerning them. Troglo- 

 dytes is also the name of an ancient heretical sect, 

 who, rejected by all parties, were forced to hold 

 their meetings in caves. Certain Jews who were 

 accused of practising idolatry in secret, have also 

 been termed troglodytes. In natural history, trog- 

 lodyte is the scientific name of the chimpanzee (see 

 Ape), and of a species of wren. 



TROIS RIVIERES, oa THREE RIVERS ; a 

 town of Lower Canada, and capital of a district of 

 the same name, at the entrance of the St Maurice 

 into the St Lawrence ; eighty-four miles above 

 Quebec, ninety-six below Montreal; lat. 46 23' 

 N. ; Ion. 72 29' W. ; population, about 3000. It 

 derives its name from the circumstance that two 

 islands near the mouth of the St Maurice divide it 

 into three channels, and give it the appearance of 

 three rivers. The town stands on a light, sandy 

 soil : the houses are generally mean, and the trade 

 of the whole country centres in Montreal and 

 Quebec. It was formerly the capital of the French 

 government of this country. 



TROLLHATTA. See Cataract, and Canal. 



TROMBONE, OR TROMBONO. Of this in- 

 strument there are three kinds the bass, the tenor, 

 and the alto. The bass trombone begins at G 

 gamut, and reaches to C above the bass-cliff note, 

 producing every semitone within that compass. 

 The tenor trombone begins at A, one note above 

 G gamut, and produces all the semitones up to the 

 fifteenth above. The alto trombone begins at C 

 above G gamut, and produces every semitone up to 

 the fifteenth above. This powerfully sonorous in- 

 strument is by some esteemed extremely useful in 

 grand choruses and other full compositions ; but 

 many acknowledged judges think it more powerful 

 than musical. 



TROMP, MARTIN HARPERTZOON, one of the 

 most celebrated Dutch naval officers, was born at 

 Briel, in 1579. In his eighth year, he was placed 

 by his parents on board a vessel in the East India 

 trade. While very young, he was made prisoner 

 by an English privateer, and had an opportunity of 

 learning, in his new service, all the arts of petty 

 naval warfare. Sorne years after his return to his 

 country, he was captured by the Turks, in the Me- 

 diterranean sea, from whom, however, he escaped. 

 He subsequently entered the service of the states- 

 general, accompanied the celebrated admiral Peter 

 Hein, whose favourite he became, in all his enter- 

 prises, and was fighting by his side when Hein was 

 killed. He became in 1639, admiral of Holland, 

 and, upon the information that a Spanish fleet of 

 ten ships of the line, four frigates and several small 

 vessels, had gone out of Randyk, he followed them, 

 and took and destroyed five ships of the line, toge- 

 ther with the frigate;:. In October of the same 



