TRUCE OF GOD TRUMPET. 



685 



TRUCE OF GOD, in the Latin of the middle 

 ages, Treuga Dei (Treuge, or Trewa, from the 

 German word Treu, faithful), was, in the period 

 just mentioned, a limitation of the right of private 

 warfare introduced by the church, in order to miti- 

 gate an evil which it was unable to eradicate. 

 This truce of God provided that hostilities should 

 cease, at least on the holidays, from Thursday 

 evening to Sunday evening in each week; also 

 during the whole season of Advent and Lent, and 

 on the " octaves of the great festivals." (See 

 Festival.) This salutary regulation was first in- 

 troduced in 1077, in Aquitaine, where a bishop pro- 

 fessed to have received the command of God for its 

 institution ; then in France and Burgundy. In 

 1038, the diet at Soleure deliberated respecting the 

 establishment of it in Germany. Under William 

 the Conqueror, it was introduced into England, 

 and, in 1071, into the Netherlands. In French, it 

 was called Treve de Dieu. The clergy were very 

 anxious that it should be generally acknowledged. 

 At many councils, it was a chief subject of discus- 

 sion ; for instance, at the councils of Narbonne 

 (1054), Troyes (1093), Clermont (1095), Rouen 

 (1096), Nordhausen (1105), Rheims (1136), St 

 John of the Lateran (1139 and 1179), and Mont- 

 pellier (1195), it was enjoined by special decrees. 

 At a later period, the truce of God was sometimes 

 extended to Thursday. Whoever engaged in pri- 

 vate warfare on these days was excommunicated. 

 This was all which the clergy could effect in that 

 barbarous age. The truce of God was also ex- 

 tended to certain places, as churches, convents, 

 hospitals, church-yards, &c., and certain persons, 

 as clergymen, peasants in the fields, and, in general, 

 all defenceless persons. At the council at Cler- 

 mont (1095), it was made to include particularly 

 all crusaders. Thus the clergy effected what would 

 have been impossible for any secular authority, be- 

 cause they wisely demanded no more than they 

 could expect to obtain, and because religion was 

 much the strongest power which could be brought 

 to act on the turbulent warriors of those times. 

 It may be easily imagined, however, that the limits 

 prescribed were not very nicely observed ; and we 

 find constant complaints of their violation in the re- 

 cords of the councils and the chronicles of convents. 

 TRUFFALDINO. See Masks. 

 TRUFFLE (tuber) ; a genus of mushrooms 

 (fungi), remarkable for their form, and for grow- 

 ing entirely under ground, at the distance of a few 

 inches from the surface. Unlike the lycoperdon, or 

 puff-ball, they are not resolved into a powder at 

 maturity, but their substance becomes gelatinous. 

 Only few species are known, which are found chiefly 

 in temperate climates. Some of them have the 

 rind rough, with small tubercles; others have it 

 entirely smooth.' They attain the diameter of two 

 or three inches. 



The common truffle (T. cibarium), so celebrated 

 in the annals of cookery, is said to inhabit all the 

 warm and temperate parts of the northern hemi- 

 sphere ; but we are in need of further evidence to 

 establish the fart of its existence in North America 

 In certain districts, it is astonishingly abundant, as 

 in Piedmont, and at Perigord, in France, which lat- 

 ter place has, in consequence, acquired celebrity for 

 producing it. They abound most in light and dry 

 soils, especially in oak and chestnut forests ; but it 

 would be difficult to procure them any where, were 

 it not that hogs are extremely fond of them, and 

 lead to their discovery by rooting in the ground. 



Dogs are sometimes taught to find this fungus by 

 the scent, and to scratch it up out of the ground. 

 The season for collecting continues from October 

 to January. The truffle is usually about as large 

 as an egg ; is entirely destitute of roots ; the skin 

 blackish or gray, studded with small pyramidal 

 warts; the flesh white, gray or blackish, varied 

 with black or brown veins. They are prepared for 

 the table in various manners, but should be eaten 

 with moderation, as they are difficult of digestion. 

 They may be kept in ice, or covered with lard in 

 some countries, they are dried. They were in use 

 among the ancient Greeks and Romans. Several 

 varieties are distinguished, and, besides, some of 

 the other species are much esteemed for culinary 

 purposes. 



TRULLAN COUNCIL. See Constantinople, 

 Councils of. 



TRUMBULL, JOHN, an American poet and pa- 

 triot, was born April 24, 1750, in the place now 

 called Watertown, Connecticut. His constitution 

 was delicate ; and his education was conducted by 

 his father, a clergyman of good classical attainments, 

 and his mother, a lady of superior refinement, until 

 1763, when he entered Yale college. In 1771, he 

 was appointed a tutor in that institution. In 1773, 

 he was admitted to the bar of Connecticut, but re- 

 moved to Boston, and continued his studies in the 

 office of John Adams. At that time, the members 

 of the bar in that city were distinguished for the 

 zeal with which they vindicated the rights of the 

 colonies. With Otis and his compeers, Trumbull, 

 though much younger, warmly sympathized and co- 

 operated. In 1775, he published the first part of 

 M'Fingal, a political satire, which he had composed 

 at the request of the members of the American 

 congress. This poem passed through thirty edi- 

 tions, and was very serviceable to the American 

 cause. For many years, Mr Trumbull was a mem- 

 ber of the state legislature of Connecticut, and, in 

 1801, was appointed a judge of the superior court. 

 He received the additional appointment of judge of 

 the supreme court of errors, which he held until 

 the new organization of the judiciary under the 

 constitution of 1818. In 1825, he removed to the 

 city of Detroit, the capital of Michigan territory, 

 where he resided until his death, which occurred 

 May 12, 1831, from gradual decay. 



TRUMPET ; the loudest of all portable wind 

 instruments, and consisting of a folded tube, gen- 

 erally made of brass, and sometimes of silver. 

 The ancients had various instruments of the trum- 

 pet kind, as the tuba, cornu, &c. Moses, as the 

 Scripture informs us, made two of silver, to be used 

 by the priests ; and Solomon, Josephus tells us, made 

 two hundred like those of Moses, and for the same 

 purpose. The modern trumpet has a mouth- 

 piece nearly an inch across. The pieces which 

 conduct the wind are called the branches ; the parts 

 in which it is bent, the potences ; the canal between 

 the second bend and the extremity, the pavilion; 

 the rings where the branches take asunder, or are 

 soldered together, the knots, which are five in num- 

 ber, and serve to cover the joints. This powerful 

 and noble instrument, like the horn, only has cer- 

 tain notes within its compass. The trumpet pro- 

 duces, naturally and easily, G above the bass-cliff 

 note, or fiddle G, C on the first leger line below in 

 the treble, E on the first line of the stave, G on the 

 second line, C on the third space, and all the suc- 

 ceeding notes up to C in alt, including the sharp of 

 F, the fourth of the key. Solo performers can also 



