688 



TUAM TUBEROSE. 



dren is very apparent. The missionary schools con- 

 tain about 500 children, learning English. A ma- 

 jority of the persons between childhood and middle 

 age can read their own language, in Guess's alpha- 

 bet, with greater or less facility. In regard to re- 

 ligion, the mass of the people have externally em- 

 braced Christianity j and there is regular preaching 

 at several places, both by missionaries and natives. 

 How far the schools and the preaching have been 

 interrupted by the agitations which have prevailed, 

 we cannot say. During the years 1831 and 1832, 

 the Cherokees were greatly agitated by political 

 troubles. Their government has been hindered in 

 its operations, their laws counteracted by the ex- 

 tension of the jurisdiction of Georgia over their 

 territory ; many of their citizens have been im- 

 prisoned, and the nation has been threatened 

 with banishment. The missionaries of the board 

 of foreign missions have been prohibited to re- 

 side among them by the laws of Georgia. Four 

 of them were arrested in the summer of 1831, 

 for not removing ; and two of them, Mr Wor- 

 cester, and Mr Butler, were, for the same cause, 

 tried and sentenced by the court of Georgia for 

 four years to the Georgia penitentiary. The 

 Georgians have made a law, authorizing the 

 governor to have the Cherokee lands surveyed and 

 divided by lottery. The government of the United 

 States are endeavouring to effect the removal 

 of the Cherokees from their lands by treaty the 

 only mode in which they can legitimately deal with 

 them, as they have already recognised their inde- 

 pendence by several treaties ; and their rights under 

 these treaties have been lately confirmed by a de- 

 cision of the supreme court of the United States, in 

 January, 1831. The terms offered them are an ex- 

 tensive and fertile territory west of the Arkansas, 

 to be secured to them by patent, and to be for ever 

 beyond the boundaries of any state or territory, 

 where they are to be allowed to exercise all the 

 powers of self-government compatible with a ge- 

 neral supervision of congress over them, to appoint 

 an agent to reside at Washington, to send a dele- 

 gate to congress, and to be recognised, when con- 

 gress shall deem proper, as a territory. The gen- 

 eral council of the Cherokees, however, have de- 

 clined accepting the proposal. 



The Cherokees of the Arkansas are those who, 

 since the year 1804, removed, at different times, 

 from the east of the Mississippi to a tract on the 

 north bank of the Arkansas river, between Ion. 94 

 and 95 W. ; population, about 5000. The greater 

 part of this emigration took place between 1816 

 and 1820. There is a missionary station among 

 them. By a treaty concluded in May, 1828, they 

 agreed to remove still farther west. This portion 

 of the Cherokees has also made considerable pro- 

 gress in agriculture and the arts of civilized life. 

 For further information, see the different numbers 

 of the Missionary Herald and the Cherokee Phoe- 

 nix ; the Decision of the Supreme Court of the 

 United States in the Cherokee Case (published at 

 Philadelphia, 1831) ; also Essays on the Present 

 Crisis in the Condition of the American Indians 

 (Boston, 1829). For information respecting the 

 language of the Cherokees, see Indian Languages, 

 in this Encyclopedia. 



TUAM; an ancient town of Ireland, the seat of 

 an archbishopric, is situated in the county Galway, 

 Connaught, 126 miles W. by N. from Dublin. The 

 rank and consequence of this place are attributable 

 to the institution of an episcopal see at an early 



period. A bishopric was founded here in the sixth 

 century, to which were annexed the see of Annagh- 

 down in 1324; the see of Mayo in 1559; and the 

 see of Ardagh in 1742. It was erected into an 

 archbishopric in 1 152, the suffragan bishops being 

 those of Elphin, Clonfert, Killmanduagh, Killala, 

 and Achonry. It is the largest diocese in the king- 

 dom, comprehending within it parts of Galva\. 

 Mayo, and Roscommon counties, extending seventy 

 miles in length, with an average breadth of sixty- 

 three, and occupying a superficies of 1,135,650 acres 

 of land. It is divided into eighty parishes. The 

 bishop's lands amount to 49,281 acres. The county 

 trade here is brisk ; the market extremely well 

 supplied with fish from Galway every day, and 

 meat from the vicinity ; Tuam veal is proverbially 

 excellent. There is also a very extensive brewery, 

 public bakeries, several tanneries, flour-mills, and 

 a linen-manufacture. Large quantities of coarse 

 canvass for packing are also made in the town and 

 parish. Population of town and parish in Ift-il 

 13,425. 



TUARICKS, called by Hornemann the most in- 

 teresting nation of Africa, are most extensively 

 spread over Northern Africa, and, indeed, divide 

 with the Tihboos the whole of the Sahara ; the 

 latter occupying the wells and the wadys of the 

 eastern, and the Tuaripks those of the western 

 portion of this sterile belt. The Tibboos are 

 black, yet without what we generally call negro 

 features; the Tuaricks, on the other hand, are 

 white people of the Berber race, and are Moham- 

 medans of the sect of Maleki, but are believed to 

 be quite as indifferent to religion as the Kabyles. 

 They are a very warlike nation, and often make in- 

 cursions into the territory of the timid Tibboos to 

 carry off all whom they can catch for the slave mar- 

 ket. The late travellers Lyon, Denham, Clapperton 

 and Laing found them hospitable, frank and honest. 

 They inhabit that extensive portion of the Sahara 

 circumscribed on the east by Fezzan and Tibboo, 

 south by the negro nations of Bournou, Haourra. 

 Gouber and Timbuctoo, and on the west by the 

 oases of Tedeekels and Twat. The country of 

 the Mozabis, Engousah and Ghadames, forms their 

 northern limits, beyond which they never proceed. 

 Being nomadic, they are found in the vicinity of all 

 the negro population from Tibboo to Timbuctoo, 

 where they rove for the purpose of kidnapping. 

 They carry on war and commerce with equal acti- 

 vity. According to Mr Hodgson's interesting let- 

 ters in the Transactions of the American Philoso- 

 phical Society, (vol. iv, new series), Tuarick comes 

 from the Berber language, in which it signifies 

 tribes. Now kabail is the Arabian for tribes, bor- 

 ders or families ; and thus the Kabyles of the At- 

 las have an appellation corresponding to the Kaby- 

 les of the desert ; and they are the same people, as 

 Mr Hodgson shows by a comparison of their voca- 

 bularies. They are one people, and the great Ly- 

 bian race still exists in Africa : its language has not 

 been effaced. 



TUBA; a wind instrument of the Romans, re- 

 sembling our sacbut or trumpet, though of a some- 

 what different form. It was used in war. 



TUBERCLES. See Pulmonary Consumption. 



TUBEROSE (polianthes tuberosa). This highly 

 odoriferous and favourite flower was introduced 

 into Europe from the East Indies, about the middle 

 of the sixteenth century. Though almost purely 

 an ornamental plant, its culture is now so extended 

 that the roots form a considerable article of export 



