TULLAMORE TUNBRIDGE WELLS. 



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wrought, polishes well, and is sufficiently strong 

 and stiff for purposes requiring great solidity. The 

 heart, if perfectly seasoned, long resists the action 

 of the atmosphere, and is said to be rarely attacked 

 by worms. Its greatest defect is, that, when em- 

 ployed in wide boards, and exposed to the weather, 

 it is liable to shrink and warp, from the alterna- 

 tions of dryness and moisture. The nature of the 

 soil has such an influence upon the colour and 

 quality of the wood, that mechanics distinguish two 

 varieties, the white and yellow poplar, the former 

 of which is always neglected when the other can 

 be procured. Wherever it abounds, it serves for 

 the interior work of houses, and sometimes for the 

 exterior covering in situations where it is difficult 

 to procure pine boards. The panels of doors and 

 wainscots, and the mouldings of chimney-pieces, 

 are made of this wood. In all the large towns of 

 the United States, the boards, which are often two 

 or three feet wide, are exclusively used for the 

 pannels of coaches and chaises. When perfectly 

 dry, they receive paint well, and admit of a brilliant 

 polish. The timber is consumed also in the manu- 

 facture of trunks and bedsteads, which last are 

 stained in imitation of mahogany. The circular 

 board and wings of fanning-mills are of this wood. 

 As it is very light, and easily wrought in the lathe, 

 it is much used for wooden bowls : it is also pre- 

 ferred for the head of hair-brooms or sweeping- 

 brushes : farmers select it for the eating and drink- 

 ing troughs of their cattle : it is found useful in the 

 construction of wooden bridges, from uniting light- 

 ness with strength and durability : the Indians of 

 the Middle and Western States preferred this tree 

 for their canoes, which are made of a single trunk, 

 are very light and strong, and sometimes carry 

 twenty persons: in fine, the tulip-tree affords ex- 

 cellent charcoal, which is employed by smiths in 

 districts which furnish no stone-coal. These are 

 some of the more common purposes to which this 

 wood is applied. It is very cheap, being sold at 

 half the price of black walnut, wild cherry and 

 curled maple. 



TULLAMORE, OR KILLBRIDE; a town in 

 King's County, Leinster, Ireland, situated upon the 

 Clodagh river, 63 miles W. by S. from Dublin. 

 Owing to the liberality of its proprietor, Lord 

 Charleville, Tullamore has of late grown from an 

 humble village into a populous trading-town, the 

 best in the county. Population in 1841, 6343. 



TULLUS HOSTILIUS ; according to the com- 

 mon statement, king of Rome and successor of 

 Numa Pompilius, B. C. 672 ; a warlike monarch, 

 in whose reign took place the combat of the Horatii 

 and Curiatii. (See Horatii.) He afterwards sub- 

 dued the Albans by treachery. He likewise con- 

 quered the Fidenates and Sabines. In his old age 

 he became superstitious. His death, after a reign 

 of thirty-three years, is ascribed by some to light- 

 ning, by others, to Ancus Martius, his successor. 

 See Niebuhr's Roman History. 



TULLY. See Cicero. 



TUMULI, OR BARROWS, are the most ancient 

 and general of all monuments to the dead. The 

 earliest barrow of which we read is that which 

 Homer mentions as having been formed over the 

 remains of Patroclus. That of Achilles is still, as 

 it was originally designed to be, a distant sea mark. 

 By the Athenian customs, earth was heaped on the 

 dead by the nearest relations, and corn was then 

 sown on the barrow. The Scythians heaped huge 

 barrows over the bodies of their kings. The height 



of the mound was in proportion to the honour in- 

 tended to be paid to the deceased. The steppes 

 of Tartary are thickly covered with barrows. In 

 vol. 2d of the Archaologia, a Tartarian barrow i? 

 mentioned, in which were found two corpses wrap- 

 ped in four sheets of gold. The weight of the gold was 

 forty pounds. The famous Irish barrow at New 

 Grange, described by governor Pownall (Archao- 

 logia, 2d, 236), is in the county of Meath. It con- 

 sists of small pebbles. The base covers two acres. 

 The circumference at the top is 300 feet, height 70. 

 There is a gallery within it sixty-two feet long, 

 leading to a cave, which intersects the gallery 

 transversely, so as to form a cross. The length 

 and height of the cave are each twenty feet, the 

 breadth eleven feet six inches. Barrows of loose 

 stones or of dark mould and flints are very com- 

 mon in England. Ashes, urns, spears, swords and 

 shields, bracelets, beads, mirrors, combs, and hair- 

 pins, are among the principal contents. Denmark, 

 Sweden, Lower Saxony, and many other countries 

 on the continent, abound with sepulchral monu- 

 ments of this kind. To the north of the Hotten- 

 tots, innumerable barrows are described as having 

 been seen by doctor Sparrow (Travels, 2d, 264). 

 In New Caledonia, Mr Forster met with a barrow 

 four feet high, surrounded by an enclosure of stakes. 

 Mr Oxley, in 1817 1818, found in the interior of 

 New South Wales two native burial-places. The 

 principal one showed much labour. The form was 

 semicircular. Three rows of seats formed one half; 

 the grave and an outer row of seats, the other. 

 The seats constituted segments of circles of from 

 forty to fifty feet, and were raised by the soil being 

 trenched up between them. The grave was an 

 oblong cone, five feet high and nine long. The 

 barrow was supported internally by a sort of wooden 

 arch. The body was wrapped in a great number 

 of opossum skins, covered with dry barb grass and 

 leaves, and lay about four feet below the surface. 

 In the valley of the Mississippi, tumuli, or mounds 

 of earth, are found in great numbers, of the origin 

 and uses of which we are yet ignorant. Similar 

 constructions are also found in Mexico. (See 

 Humboldt's Monuments of the Natives of America.') 

 The mounds in the Mississippi valley have been 

 found to contain bones, and are said to be composed 

 of earth different from that of the surrounding 

 country. They exhibit no trace of tools, and are, 

 in fact, merely regular piles of earth, without brick 

 or stone. They are commonly situated in rich 

 plains and prairies. There is one near Wheeling, 

 seventy feet in height, and thirty or forty rods in 

 circumference at base, and 180 feet at top. There 

 is a numerous group near Cahokia, stated at about 

 200 in all, the largest of which is a parallelogram, 

 about ninety feet high, and 800 yards in circuit. It 

 has been asserted the skulls found in these mounds 

 bear a striking resemblance to those found in Peru. 



TUNBRIDGE; a town of England, in Kent; 

 thirty miles south-east from London. 



TUNBRIDGE WELLS is a large hamlet, thirty, 

 six miles south-east from London, partly in the 

 parish of Tunbridge, and partly in that of Speldhurst, 

 It is nearly two miles in length, and owes its origin 

 and importance to the celebrated mineral waters in 

 the vicinity, consisting of four divisions, Mount 

 Ephraim, Mount Pleasant. Mount Sion, and the 

 Wells, properly so called. The air of this district 

 is remarkably pure and salubrious, the appearance 

 of the country inviting, and the aspect of the vil- 

 lages picturesque, appearing like a large town in a 

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