696 



TUPAC AMARU TURENNE. 



part following the shores of Europe and the other 

 those of Africa, in search of a place to deposit 

 their spawn. They penetrate into the Black sea; 

 and it is remarkable that they follow the right 

 shore of the Bosphorus in going, and the left in 

 returning a circumstance which induced some of 

 the anrients to suppose that they saw more clearly 

 with the right eye than the other. At the ap- 

 proach of winter they retire to deep water. They 

 often, besides, undertake irregular migrations. In 

 sailing from Europe to America, they have been 

 known to accompany vessels for more than forty 

 days. The tunny is very voracious, and consumes a 

 great quantity of food. Its animosity against the 

 mackerel is well known : it is sufficient to present 

 a rough image of this fish to draw it within the nets. 

 It is taken in immense quantities in large nets. 

 The flesh somewhat resembles veal, is delicate, 

 and has been in request from time immemorial. It 

 forms an extensive branch of commerce in the 

 Mediterranean, and not less than 45,000 are taken 

 annually on the coasts of Sardinia alone. Stations 

 have been established, in elevated places, for watch- 

 ing the approach of the tunny, from the most re- 

 mote antiquity. This fish rarely visits the north- 

 ern coasts of Europe in shoals, though solitary in- 

 dividuals are not unfrequent. 



TUPAC AMARU is the name of several Peru- 

 nan Indians, of the family of the incas. The sub- 

 ject of this article is Jose Gabriel Tupac Amaru, 

 cacique of Tungasuca, in the province of Tinta, in 

 Lower Peru. His original name was Jose Gabriel 

 Candor Canqui ; but, being directly descended, by 

 the maternal line, from Tupac Amaru, son of Man- 

 co Capac, the last of the reigning incas, he assumed 

 the name of his ancestor, and became celebrated 

 for his attempt, in 1780, to re-establish the empire 

 of the Sun. He endeavoured, in the first place, to 

 obtain some alleviation of the intolerable oppres- 

 sions which the Indians suffered. Finding this im- 

 practicable, he proceeded from one step to another, 

 until he and his immediate dependants took up 

 arms, and put to death Arriaga, the corregidor of 

 Tinta, November 10, 1780. This act was the 

 signal for a general rising of the Indians, who pro- 

 claimed the abolition of the mita, repartos, and 

 other odious forms of taxation and bondage, and 

 kindled a civil war through the southern and upper 

 provinces of Peru. Tupac Amaru now assumed 

 the imperial borla, and other insignia of the incas ; 

 and a desperate attempt was made by the Indians 

 to regain their independence. The war raged with 

 various success for two years, but ended in the 

 subjugation of the Indians. Many cities in Upper 

 Peru, particularly La Paz and Oruro, suffered 

 greatly during this war, which both parties regarded 

 as a struggle for life and death, and in which one 

 third of the whole population of the country is 

 supposed to have perished. Jose Gabriel was taken 

 prisoner early, and put to death, being torn asunder 

 by four wild horses. But the Indians rallied anew 

 under his brother Diego Cristobal, and his nephew 

 Andreas, who, aided by a chief of obscure origin, 

 named Tupa Catari, were near overcoming the 

 Spanish power. The new leaders, however, were 

 at length subdued, and, in violation of solemn en- 

 gagements, were executed as traitors. See Funes 

 Paraguay (vol. iii, p. 242). 



TUPELO (nyssa) ; a genus of forest trees pe- 

 culiar to North America, and almost strictly con- 

 fined within the territory of the United States. The 

 L-aves are simple, alternate, and mostly entire ; the 



flowers greenish and inconspicuous, disposed at tho 

 extremity of a long peduncle ; the fruit is a drupe, 

 containing a hard stone. The natural family to 

 which it belongs has not yet been clearly deter- 

 mined. The flowers are dioecious. 



TURBAN (in Turkish, dulbend, tulbend); a 

 covering of the head, worn by most nations in the 

 East, and of very various forms in different nations 

 and different classes in the same nation. It con- 

 sists of a piece of cloth wound round a cap. The 

 Turkish sultan's turban contains three heron's fea- 

 thers, with many diamonds and other precious 

 stones, and the Turks honour it so much that they 

 touch it with awe. A particular officer, tulbend 

 ago, takes care of it. The grand vizier has two 

 heron's feathers; other officers but one. The 

 emirs wear a green turban a privilege which they 

 enjoy as relations to the prophet and to AH. 



TURBOT (pleurvnectes maximus). This species 

 of flounder is second in size only to the halibut. 

 In the excellence of its flesh, it is decidedly the 

 first of the genus. It is common along the coasts of 

 Europe, even in the northern seas, but never makes 

 its appearance on the American shores. It often 

 weighs twenty-five or thirty pounds, and is general- 

 ly very abundant in its favourite localities. It i 

 taken in* deep water by lines, some of which are 

 three miles in length, and are furnished with more 

 than two tho'usand hooks. The flesh is exquisitely 

 flavoured and nutritious, though rather difficult of 

 digestion. This fish, with several others, has been 

 separated from the true flounders on account of the 

 length of the dorsal and anal fins, and its having 

 the eyes placed to the left. 



TURCOMANIA ; a name sometimes given to 

 Turkish Armenia, as the Tartar tribes, who inha- 

 bit it, are also sometimes called Turcomans. The 

 more proper name of the people is Curds, and that 

 of the country Curdistan. (See Curds.) The 

 name is also sometimes applied to the country be- 

 tween the Caspian and Aral seas, the country of 

 the Turkmans, or Turcomans. See Turkestan. 

 TURCOMANS. See Turkestan. 

 TURENNE, HENRI DE LA TOUR D'AUVEBGNE, 

 vicomte de, a renowned French commander, born 

 in 1611, at Sedan, was the second son of Henri de 

 la Tour d'Auvergne, duke of Bouillon, and of 

 Elizabeth, daughter of William I., prince of Orange. 

 The favourite books of the young Turenne were 

 the lives of great commanders, and particularly the 

 history of Alexander by Curtius. Under his uncle, 

 prince Maurice of Nassau, he studied the art of 

 war, and, in 1634, received the command of a 

 French regiment, served at the siege of Lamothe, 

 in Lorraine, under marshal la Force, and took a 

 bastion, which the son of the marshal had in vain 

 attempted to occupy. For this he was appointed 

 field-marshal ; and, having also performed impor- 

 tant services at the taking of Brisach, the cardinal 

 Richelieu offered him one of his nieces in marriage 

 an offer which Turenne declined on account of his 

 attachment to the Protestant religion, in which he 

 had been educated. In 1639, he was sent to Italy, 

 where he raised the siege of Casale, and defeated 

 the enemy near Montcallier, while the marshal 

 d'Harcourt besieged Turin. In 1643, he conquered 

 Roussillon, and was rewarded, in 1644, with a 

 marshal's baton and the chief command of the 

 army in Germany. He crossed the Rhine, defeated 

 the Bavarians, under Mercy, and joined the duke 

 d'Enghien, was defeated (1645) at Mergentheim 

 (Marienthal), but, three months after, gained a vie- 



