TURIN TUIKF.Y. 



pany De Gournay, intendant of commerce, in his 

 tnvels. On bis return, he was himself appointed 

 intendant of Limoges, which post he occupied for 

 twi-lve years, and was long remembered with grati- 

 tude, for his wise, salutary and benevolent reforms 

 and regulations. When raised to the post of comp- 

 troller-general of the finances (1774), he gave a 

 wider extent to the principles of amelioration. He 

 moderated the duties on articles of the first neces- 

 MIV, without loss to the revenue ; freed commerce 

 from many fetters, and encouraged industry by en- 

 larging the rights of individuals, and abolishing the 

 exclusive privileges of companies and corporations. 

 He also formed a project for commuting the feudal 

 rights, for rendering salt an article of free-merchan- 

 dise, and for reforming the royal household. His 

 reward for these useful and benevolent views was 

 opposition and ridicule. He was, however, able to 

 carry into effect some very important improvements; 

 but as he endeavoured to control the nobility, re- 

 strict the clergy, and restrain the license assumed by 

 the officers of the crown, they all united against him. 

 The result was, his dismissal from office, in 1776, 

 from which period he lived a retired and studious life 

 until his death, in 1781, at the age of fifty-four. 



TURIN, OE TORINO (anciently Augusta Tau- 

 rinorum} ; the chief city of Piedmont, the capital 

 of the Sardinian monarchy, on the west side of the 

 Po, seventy-five miles south-west of Milan ; Ion. 

 7 4O E.; lat. 45 4' N.; population, 117,987. It 

 has an agreeable situation on a delightful plain, in 

 a luxuriant country ; a beautiful range of hills rising 

 on one side of the river; on the other, a plain 

 strewed with villas and gardens, extending to the 

 case of the Alps. The town is of an oblong form, 

 and, including the ramparts, four miles in circuit. 

 The streets are generally wide and straight, inter- 

 secting each other at right angles, and running in 

 direct lines from one extremity of the city to the 

 olher. They are kept clean by means of streams 

 of clear running water. The principal square, 

 called Piazza Reale, both for size and beauty, ranks 

 as one of the first in Europe. Several of the 

 streets have, at the sides, arcades or piazzas, afford- 

 ing a convenient walk for foot passengers. The 

 houses are generally of brick, and the best are 

 plastered in front with stucco. Of the public 

 walks, the most frequented are the public gardens. 

 The public edifices of Turin are built or ornamented 

 with marble of every vein and colour. The palace 

 has fine gardens, which are used as public walks, 

 and command fine prospects. The university (811 

 students) has a good library, an observatory, a na- 

 tural cabinet, a botanical garden, and a rich Egyp- 

 tian museum, containing the collections of Drovetti, 

 papyrus rolls, mummies, statues, inscriptions, &c. 

 (See Champollion's Lettres relatives au Musee royal 

 Egyptien de Turin.) After the battle of Marengo 

 (1800), Turin became the capital of the French 

 department of the Po, and was restored to Sar- 

 dinia in 1814. 



TURKESTAN, oa TURKISTAN (i. e. land 

 of the Turks'), is used in a wider sense, to signify 

 all the country between Russia to the north, the 

 Caspian sea to the west, the Chinese dominions to 

 the east, and Afghanistan to the south. This de- 

 scription answers to the Independent Tartary of 

 geographers (see Tartary\ and includes an extent 

 of country about 850 miles from north to south, 

 and 700 from east to west. The chief divisions of 

 this region are Turcomania, between lake Aral and 

 the Caspian sea; Turkestan, in a narrower sense, 



to the east of lake Aral ; Usbekistan, or Bucharia, 

 to the south ; and the country of the Kirghises, on 

 the north. The two last mentioned divisions are 

 described under the heads Usbecks, Bucharia and 

 Kirghizes. 



1. Turcomania, or the land of the Turkmans, or 

 Truchmens, consists chiefly of sandy steppes, des- 

 titute of water, but contains some fertile districts, 

 and some mountainous tracts. It produces corn, 

 but the principal employment of the inhabitants i 

 breeding cattle. Camels, horses, neat cattle, sheep, 

 goats, game, birds, and fish, of various sorts, are 

 found here. The inhabitants are of Tartar origin, 

 and are rude, ignorant, and ardently attached to free- 

 dom. They are Mohammedans. The annexed cut 



represents the cos- 

 tume of a Turko- 

 man. Turcomania, 

 with Khiva, corres- 

 ponds to the ancient 

 Chorasmia (Khowa- 

 resm, or Charasm), 

 formerly the seat of 

 a civilized Arabian 

 state, overturned by 

 Gengis Khan (1220), 

 and Tirnour (1388). 

 The inhabitants are 

 Truchmens, Khi- 

 wintzes, and Ka- 

 rakalpacs, Tartar 

 hordes, who are sub- 

 ject to the Usbecks. 

 The chief city, Klii- 

 wa, or Khiva, contains a population of about 

 10,000 souls See Mauraview's Voyage en Turco- 

 manie et a Khiwa, en 1819 et 1820 (from the Rus- 

 sian, Paris, 1823), and Meyendorf's Voyage d' 

 Orenbourg a Boukhara (Paris, 1826). 



2. Turkestan, or land of the Turks, is inhabited 

 by Usbecks, Buchanans, Turcomans, Kirghises and 

 Jews. It is now subject to the khan of Kokari, 

 who was formerly dependent upon Bucbaria, but i 

 now independent. Kokan, the anrient Ferghana, 

 is little known. The Turkestanese speak the 

 purest Turkish. The following cut represents 



their general cos- 

 tume. See Otto- 

 man Empire, and 

 Turkish Language. 

 TURKEY (me- 

 leagris gallo-pavo). 

 This bird is a na- 

 tive of America. It 

 was first imported 

 into England in 

 1524, and received 

 its name of Tur- 

 key from being at 

 first supposed to be 

 an Asiatic or Turk- 

 ish bird. Multi- 

 tudes are reared in 

 Norfolk and Suf- 

 folk for the Lon- 

 don market. The 



flesh is admired for delicacy of tincture and agree- 

 able flavour. The wild turkey was formerly abun- 

 dant in Canada, and in many of the now thickly- 

 settled parts of the United States. It is still com- 

 mon in the wooded parts of the west, on the Ohio, 

 Mississippi and Missouri ; but the day is, perhaps, 



