TURKEY (MUSIC) TURNERITE. 



703 



(tetrastichon) is mostly epigrammatic; the kitaa 

 has 4 8 strophes with various rhymes, and is ap- 

 plicable to all subjects. Accounts of Turkish 

 poets, and specimens of their poetry, are contained 

 in Latifi, or Biographical Sketches of eminent 

 Turkish Poets, together with an Anthology drawn 

 from their works; translated from the Turk- 

 ish of Monka Abdul Latifi and Aschik Hassan 

 Tschelebi, by Thomas Chabert (Zurich, 1808). 

 The Divan of Baki, the principal lyric poet of 

 Turkey, who died in 1600, has been translated into 

 German, entire, by Joseph von Hammer (Vienna, 

 1825). In 1727, during the reign of Achmet III. 

 Ibrahim, a renegade, a native of Buda, with the 

 assistance of a Jew of Prague, Chacham Jonas, and 

 under the patronage of the grand vizier, Ibrahim 

 Pacha, established a Turkish printing press at Con- 

 stantinople, at which, in 1742, seventeen works, 

 comprising twenty-three volumes, and 13,000 

 copies, had been printed. After a long interval of 

 inaction, the press was again used, in 1783, during 

 the reign of the sultan Abdolhamid. But its ac- 

 tivity continued only about two years. In 1793, 

 It was again brought into action by Abdorrhaman 

 Effendi, a Turkish mathematician, who had rendered 

 valuable services to the Porte, as commissioner for 

 settling boundaries after the peace of Sistow. Ab- 

 dorrhaman connected it with a school for teaching 

 engineering at Chasskoi, a suburb of Constantino- 

 ple. It remained there some years, and, at the be- 

 ginning of the present century, was removed to the 

 barracks of the new militia at Scutari. In 1806, 

 twenty-six works had issued from this press. In 

 the disturbances of 1807 and 1809, it suffered great 

 damage, but was restored by the present sultan, 

 Mahmoud II. in 1809. A complete catalogue of the 

 books printed at Constantinople, down to 1813, 

 has been given by Hammer, in the Leipsic Literary 

 Journal, 1813, No. 42, 1814, No. 197 and 198, and 

 1820, page 307, and in Hormayr's Archives. See, 

 also, Toderini's Turkish Literature (3 vols.) ; and 

 Ludecke's Account of the Turkish Empire (3 parts). 

 All books relating to theology and law were ex- 

 Deluded from the press. The press at Constantino- 

 ple has since produced the Kamus (3 vols., fol.) ; 

 the Mewahib, a metaphysical work, and, in 1824, 

 the Arabian commentary of the Scheichsade (writ- 

 ten under Mohammed IV.), on the Arabic Moulteka, 

 the famous Mohammedan religious code, composed 

 by the sheik Ibrahim von Haleb, under Solyman 

 the Great. The imperial historiographer, Jerome 

 Megiser, published, at Vienna, the first Turkish 

 grammar, in 1612. Afterwards the study of the 

 Turkish language was much attended to, particu- 

 larly at Vienna, as the intercourse between Austria 

 and the Porte had become very considerable. 

 Francis von Mesgnier Meninski, court interpreter, 

 published the best Turkish grammar (Vienna, 

 1680), in Latin, folio, and likewise the best dic- 

 tionary of the Turkish language. The first, with 

 the addition of exercises in analysis and reading, 

 was republished by Kollar (Vienna, 1756, 4to.) : 

 the last, likewise, much enlarged, by Jenisch, was 

 republished at the expense of the emperor (Vienna, 

 17801803), There are Turkish grammars in the 

 French language, in which the Turkish words are 

 printed in Roman letters, by Preindl (Berlin, 1789, 

 with a dictionary), and by Viguier (Constantinople, 

 17901794). The last grammar of the Turkish 

 language was published by Jaubert (Paris, 1823). 

 Many scholars, of much learning in Turkish litera- 

 ture have been formed at the Oriental academy in 



Vienna, established by the empress Maria Theresa, 

 in 1753, for the education of young diplomatists to 

 conduct the intercourse with the Porte ; particu- 

 larly Von Jenisch, Von Sturmer, Von Chabert and 

 Von Hammer. The last has given a view of 

 Turkish literature, in the appendix to the Codices 

 Arabici, Persici, Turcici Bibl. Vindob. recens. 

 (Vienna, 1820). Toderini, in his work upon 

 Turkish literature, written in Italian (Venice, 1787, 

 3 vols.), Mouradgea d'Ohsson, Joseph Christ. 

 Clodius, Goldermann, Von Diez and Von Hammer 

 have also done much to furnish information con- 

 cerning the Turkish language and literature. 



Turkish Music. The Turks received their mu- 

 sic from the Persians. It is rude, but much em- 

 ployed by them, especially in the expression of love 

 or warlike excitement. But public exhibitions of 

 musical skill for money they consider as disgrace- 

 ful. The chief instruments in their warlike music 

 are hautboys, trumpets of a piercing sound, cymbals, 

 small drums of various kinds, and the bass drum ; 

 but small flutes, triangles and bells, such as the 

 Europeans use in what they call Moorish or Turk- 

 ish music, are rarely united with those above men- 

 tioned. Their martial music is monotonous, and 

 has principally the character of a rhythmical noise, 

 which inspires the warrior with fire and fury. In 

 general, their music is deficient in harmony, and 

 most of their pieces are not played from notes: they 

 have, however, the same tones as we have, but 

 they use the half tones much more. Their soft 

 music has something melancholy and touching : the 

 instruments which they use for it are a violin with 

 three strings, the viole d'amour, borrowed from 

 foreigners, the dervise flute, the tambour, a kind of 

 lute (rnander}, the shalm, and the drum with bells. 

 Turkish music has been much used in operas and 

 concerts of late ; but it confuses and deafens rather 

 than delights the cultivated ear. 



TURK'S ISLANDS; a cluster of small islands 

 among the Bahamas, the largest of which is situated 

 in lat. 21 20' N., Ion. 71 W. They belong to the 

 British, and there is a port of entry established on 

 the largest, Grand Key : there is here an anchorage, 

 but no harbour. The number of inhabitants is 

 small and fluctuating ; many of them merely spend- 

 ing part of the year there for the purpose of salt- ' 

 making. Salt, which is procured from salt ponds, 

 is the only article of export. 



TURMALINE. See Tourmaline. 



TURMERIC (terra menta) ; the root of the cur- 

 cuma longa. It is brought from the East Indies, 

 and is very rich in a yellow colour, which* has great 

 brightness, but little durability. Common salt and 

 sal-ammoniac are the mordants best adapted to fix it. 

 The root must be reduced to powder to be fit for 

 use. It is sometimes employed to give the yellow 

 made with weld a gold cast, and an orange tinge to 

 scarlet ; but the shade which the turmeric imparts 

 soon disappears in the air. It has an aromatic 

 smell, somewhat resembling that of ginger, and is 

 much cultivated in the East Indies, where it is in 

 common use as a seasoning for ragouts and other 

 dishes. It constitutes a principal ingredient in curry 

 powder, and in this form is used in great quantities 

 both in India and Europe. 



TURKOMANS. See Turkestan. 



TURNAMENT. See Tournament. 



TURNERITE; a rare mineral found in small 

 crystals, having an oblique rhombic prism of 96 

 10 for their primary form. Colour, yellowish- 

 brown; shining; translucent; scratches fluor, but 



