TOG 



TUSCANY TWELVE TABLES. 



(uul rock salt. There are scarcely any large farms, 

 l>ut the land \ divided into petty lots, and the cul- 

 ture lakes place more commonly by the spade than 

 tlie plough. Tuscany is no longer conspicuous for its 

 manufactures: the most important article is silk. 

 The commerce is considerable, and carried on chiefly- 

 through the port of Leghorn. The Tuscans are 

 wrll formed, with a pleasing countenance, and, 

 among all the people of Italy, are most fond of the 

 arts and sciences : polite and kind in their manners, 

 they are at the same time industrious and gay. 

 The language of the Tuscans is considered the 

 purest and finest dialect of Italy (see Italian Lan- 

 guage and Literature) ; and in the history of letters 

 and art, the names of Dante, Petrarca, Boccaccio, 

 li.ilili-i, Machiavelli, Giotto,* Cimabue, Leonardo 

 da Vinci, Michael Angelo, the Medici, &c., appear 

 among the natives of Tuscany. There are univer- 

 at Florence (200 students), Pisa (450), 

 Sienna (250). There i? an observatory at Pisa; 

 and the Florentine academy, and the academy of 

 fine arts at Florence. Little has been done towards 

 popular education ; and, in 1818, there were 

 750,000 individuals, or about three quarters of the 

 population of the best educated part of Italy, un- 

 able to read or write. 



The ancient names of this country were Tyrrhe- 

 uia and Etruria. (See the articles.) After the 

 fall of the Western Empire (476), it passed suc- 

 cessively into the hands of the Ostrogoths (see 

 Gotlts), Byzantine Greeks, and Lombards, under 

 whom Hetruscia formed a duchy. The name of 

 Toscana dates from this period. Charlemagne 

 made it a Prankish province ; and it was governed 

 by marquises or dukes, who, in course of time, 

 rendered themselves independent. In 1160, the 

 emperor Frederic I. purchased it of the Guelfs; but 

 the towns endeavoured to render themselves inde- 

 pendent. Florence leagued herself with several 

 cities against the empire, while Pisa, at the head 

 of others, adhered to the emperors. For 300 years 

 Tuscany was desolated by the contests of the Guelfs 

 and Gibelines. (See Guelfs, and Italy.) In the 

 middle of the thirteenth century, Sienna was a 

 flourishing republic. The country was next dis- 

 tracted by the disputes between the nobles and the 

 citizens, and, in 1343, the former were excluded 

 from all share in the government in Florence. 

 Next came the quarrels between the rich and the 

 poor. The family of Medici finally acquired the 

 favour of the poorer classes, and the sovereignty 

 over Tuscany (1434 1737). During this period 

 Pisa (1509) and Sienna (1557) were conquered by 

 Florence. Tuscany became the seat of refinement 

 and the arts under the patronage of the Medici. In 

 1509, Cosmo de' Medici had assumed the title of 

 grand duke, and, in 1737, the grand duchy of Tus- 

 cany, on the failure of the Medici line, passed to 

 Francis, duke of Lorraine, and, on his ascending 

 the German throne (see Francis /.). to the house 

 of Austria. Napoleon formed the kingdom of 

 Etruria of the Tuscan state (see Etruria, and Luc- 

 ca) ; but, in 1814, the archduke Ferdinand III. 

 again took possession of it. The congress of 

 Vienna then incorporated the Stato degli presidj, 

 the principality of Piombino, with Elba and the 

 enclaves, with the grand duchy. After the death 

 of tbe archduchess Maria Louisa, Lucca will also 

 be attached to Tuscany. The present grand duke, 

 Leopold II. (born 1797). nephew of ihe emperor 

 of Austria, succeeded- his father in 1824. The 

 revenues of the state amount to about two and a 



quarter million dollars ; the debt is nearly four 

 millions. Tbe grand duke is an absolute sovereign. 

 See Pignotti's History of Tuscany, with an Ac- 

 count of the Revival of Letters, Science and Art, 

 from the Italian, by Browning (4 vols., 8vo., Lon- 

 don, 18-26). 



11 SCULANUM; a celebrated villa of Cicero's 

 near Tusculum. It was the favourite residence of 

 the great orator, who not only adorned it more 

 highly than any of his other villas or estates, but 

 also gave instructions here in philosophy, and con- 

 versed with his friends and disciples on those suh- 

 jects which are treated of in his Tusculan Ques- 

 tions. Tusculum (now Frascati), one of the chief 

 cities of ancient Latium, lay to the north of K<nrc, 

 in a delightful region, which was so filled with 

 gardens and villas, that the whole distance from 

 Rome to Tusculum seemed one great pleasure 

 ground. According to fable, Tusculum was built 

 by the son of Ulysses and Circe. Upon the r 

 soil of the ancient Tusculum lies Ruffmella, an es- 

 tate bought by the late king of Sardinia of Lucien 

 Bonaparte. See Frascati, and Lucien Bonaparte. 



TUTENAG. This name is given in India to 

 the metal zinc. It is also sometimes applied to a 

 white metallic compound brought from China 

 (called likewise Chinese copper), the art of making 

 which is unknown in Europe. It is very tough, 

 strong, malleable, and may be easily cast, ham- 

 mered and polished. The better kinds of it, when 

 well manufactured, are very white, and not more 

 disposed to tarnish than silver. Three ingredients 

 of this alloy have been discovered by analysis to be 

 copper, zinc and iron. 



TUTTI (Italian plural, all); a word used in 

 contradistinction to solo, to point out where the 

 whole band, or all the instruments of the kind re- 

 quired, are introduced. 



TWEED, a river of Scotland, which rises in the 

 south part of Peeblesshire, passes by or near to 

 Peebles, Melrose, Kelso, Coldstream, from near 

 which place it forms the boundary line between 

 England and Scotland, and runs into the German 

 sea, at Berwick. Its waters are clear and spark- 

 ling, abound with salmon, and it is much frequented 

 by anglers. Its name is celebrated as having given 

 rise to many of the most beautiful Scottish melo- 

 dies. 



TWELVE TABLES, LAWS OF THE. In the 

 year 454 B. C., the Romans determined, at the 

 suggestion of the tribunes, that a new code of laws 

 should be prepared. An embassy was therefore 

 sent to Greece, say the Roman historians, to ex- 

 amine the laws of that country. Meanwhile the 

 consulship and tribuneship were both suspended, 

 and a legislative body of ten patricians (decemviri), 

 clothed with dictatorial powers was created, B. C. 

 451, A. U. 303. They collected the laws and 

 customs which were thenceforward to be of general 

 application in place of the former partial and local 

 laws, and thus laid the foundation of a system of 

 common and equal law. This code was engraved 

 upon ten oak tablets, to which two others wen; 

 added in 450; hence the name Leges Duodecin 

 Tabularum (Laws of the Twelve Tables.) (See 

 Civil Law, and Appius Claudius.) This account 

 is found in Livy, Dionysius of Halicarnassus, &c. 

 See Dirksen's Review of the Attempts hitherto made 

 towards a Critical Examination and the Restoration 

 of the Laws of the Twelve Tables (Leipsic, 1824), 

 But it has been observed by Lelievre, in his prize 

 essay, Commentatio de Ley urn XII. Tubulurum Pa. 



