708 



TYMPANUM TYPHON. 



of Sic* \virk, in 1734. He studied at the gymna- 

 sium of Altonu, where he acquired a knowledge of 

 classical learning, and also became acquainted with 

 the Hebrew and Arabic languages, previously to 

 his removal to the university of Halle. There he 

 added to his acquirements a knowledge of the Eng- 

 lish, the Hindoostanee and the Tainul languages, 

 which he was taught by Schuiz, and the Ethiopic, 

 which he studied under Michaelis. Thus qualified, 

 he was employed by a society for the conversion of 

 the Jews and Mohammedans; and, in 1759 and 

 I7'><>, he traversed various parts of the north of 

 Germany, Prussia, Denmark and Saxony, on this 

 mission. Soon after, he was appointed magister 

 teijens, at the newly-founded university of Biitzow, 

 where he received the professorship of the Oriental 

 languages in 1703. This establishment being sup- 

 pressed, and reunited to the university of Rostock 

 in 1789, the library which had been collected by 

 Tyclisen, and of which he had been keeper since 

 1770, was removed to Rostock, and still committed 

 to his care. He died in 1815. His works are 

 numerous, including Tentamen de variis Codicum 

 Hebraicorum Vet. Test. MSS. Generibus (1772, 

 8vo.); Introductio in Rem Numariam Muhammeda- 

 noru/it (1704, 8vo., with a Supplement) ; Physiolo- 

 tfus Syrus, sive Historia Animalium XXXII., in S. 

 S. memoratorum, Syriace (1795, 8vo.) ; tracts On 

 Samaritan Coins ; On the Nail-headed Characters j 

 of Persepolis ; and editions in Arabic and Latin of ! 

 Makrizi's works On the Money and On the Weights 

 and Measures of the Mohammedans. His papers 

 and literary collection were purchased, after his 

 death, for the university of Rostock. 



TYMPANUM (Greek); a musical instrument, 

 used by the Greeks and Romans, not unlike the 

 tambourine, beaten with the hand, and much em- 

 ployed in religious ceremonies In anatomy, tym- 

 panum signifies the membrane, or drum, of the ear. 

 In architecture, it is the flat surface or space within 

 a pediment. 



TYNDALE, WILLIAM. See Tindal. 



TYNDARIDES ; the twins Castor (q. v.) and 

 Pollux, and their sister Helena (q. v.), so called 

 from their father, Tyndarus, king of Laconia. 



TYNEMOUTH;" a parish and township in the 

 county of Northumberland. It is of great extent, 

 and forms the south-east corner of the county, being 

 bounded on the south by the river Tyne, and on 

 the east by the ocean. It consists principally of 

 one long street ; the houses are in general well 

 built, and during the bathing season, it is a place 

 of fashionable resort, having commodious and ele- 

 gant baths, erected in 1807. The parish abounds 

 with coal, contains some ironstone, and the only 

 magnesian limestone strata in the county. Popula- 

 tion of parish in 1841, 27,429 ; of town, 11,890. 



The ruins of Tynemouth priory stand OH a penin- 

 sula, formed of stupendous rocks, on the north side 

 of the mouth of the river Tyne, and to the east of 

 the town of Tynemouth. The priory is of very 

 remote antiquity earlier than the eighth century ; 

 but no authentic record appears to exist respecting 

 its original foundation. That the situation, at the 

 mouth of a river, and on an elevated site, early re- 

 commended the place as suitable both for military 

 defence and religious purposes, is evident from the 

 fact that Robert de Mowbray, about the year 1090, 

 fled thither, and defended himself within its walls 

 against William Rufus, (against whom he had con- 

 Sf.ired ;) but after a time, finding that he could hold 

 out no longer, he sought " sanctuary" at the altar 



of the church, from which, however, he was taken 

 by force, carried to Windsor, and, after suffering a 

 tedious imprisonment, was put to death. The 

 monastery at one time enjoyed considerable wealth. 

 It possessed twenty-seven manors in Northumber- 

 land, with their royalties, besides other valuable 

 lands and tenements. At the dissolution, in 1539, 

 there was a prior, with fifteen prebendaries and 

 three novices. During the civil war it was be- 

 sieged and taken by the Scots, in 1644, when thirty- 

 eight pieces of ordnance, and a large store of arms, 

 ammunition, and provisions fell into their hands. 

 The garrison were allowed to inarch out with their 

 baggage, but bound themselves to submit to the in- 

 structions of Parliament. A sum of 5000 was 

 voted to repair the damages it had sustained. 

 Colonel Henry Lilburne was made its deputy- 

 governor; but having declared for the king, Sir 

 Arthur Hazelrig immediately marched from New- 

 castle against him, and stormed the place with al- 

 most ferocious bravery, the men entering the for- 

 tress at the very cannon's mouth. During the as- 

 sault Lilburne was slain. 



TYPE (from the Greek <rv<r(, from <ruxr>, to 

 strike) ; die ; figure; outline; model. These vari- 

 ous significations naturally sprung from the first. 

 The word has been received into various modern 

 languages. In numismatics, it has retained most 

 of its original meaning, and signifies the impression 

 on a coin or medal. In philosophy, it has been 

 used, and is still used, in its most general sense, to 

 designate those forms which are conceived to exist 

 in the mind of the Creator, who regulates the uni- 

 verse (mens archehjpa in the scholastic phrase), and 

 which determine the character of all individual 

 existence. Kant, in some passages, has used the 

 word schema to designate something similar. In 

 nature, type, according to this conception, is that 

 form which gives the character of similarity to all 

 the individuals of a species, and at which nature 

 seems continually to aim. To take but one exam- 

 ple : In crystals we find that an individual crystal 

 never presents a perfect mathematical figure ; yet 

 we can show the angles, the sides, &c., of the ma- 

 thematical figure, which nature strives to produce 

 in each particular instance. The case is similar in 

 the fine arts. Though no antique figure of Jupiter 

 is precisely like another, nor any representation of 

 Christ exactly similar to the rest, yet there is the 

 same type in all, which is no vague conception, but 

 can be clearly described. We must not confound 

 this with the ideal. The ideal, which is before the 

 eye of the artist, embraces all the peculiarities of 

 his particular conception, as well as the general 

 characteristics of the type, and is that image which 

 he strives to represent in form or colour In theo- 

 logy, type signifies the representative relation which 

 certain persons, events and institutions of the Old 

 Testament are conceived, by some theologians, to 

 have to corresponding individuals, events and insti- 

 tutions in the New Testament ; e. g. certain sacri- 

 fices, ordained by Moses, are conceived to represent 

 the great sacrifice of Christ a view of the Old 

 Testament which other theologians consider as un- 

 founded. 



TYPE-FOUNDING. See Supplement. 



TYPHON (Typhoon, Typhonus, Typhos) ; in the 

 Greek mythology, a monster, concerning whom the 

 accounts are various. According to Hesiod, he was 

 the son of the Earth and of Tartarus, who begot 

 him in revenge for the defeat of the Titans and 

 giants by the Olympian gods. Eustathiits relates 



