710 



TYRE TYROL. 



the provinces which their armies occupied Britain, 

 Gaul, Spain, Rhaetia, Illyria, Asia, Africa, and even 

 Italy. But the legions themselves, and the sue 

 cessors of Gallienus, Claudius and Aurelian, were 

 victorious over them. The most known among 

 t hem are Posthumus, Lselianus, Lollianus, JElianus, 

 Victorinus I. and II. Marius, Tetricus I. and II. 

 Kegalianus, Trebellianus, &c. The coins struck 

 by them, and mostly very rare, are called the "coins 

 of the tyrants." 



TYRE ; one of the most celebrated cities of 

 antiquity, and, with its elder sister Sidon, the 

 richest and most important commercial city of 

 Phoenicia. The insignificant village of Sur, or 

 Sour, in the pachalic of Acre, now occupies its 

 site; lat. 33 13' N.; Ion. 35 13 E.; eighteen 

 miles south-west of Sidon. Sour is situated on a 

 neck of land which was formerly an island, but was 

 joined to the main land by Alexander, at the siege 

 of Tyre. " There appear to have been," says 

 Madden, " two cities of that name adjoining one 

 another, the great Tyre being situated about five 

 miles south of the now peninsular Tyre, which ap- 

 pears, from Strabo's description, to have been in- 

 habited only by sailors, and persons connected with 

 the shipping." As early as 1200 B. C., Tyre 

 was a powerful city, enriched by commerce and 

 refined by the arts. (See Phoenicia.) The ancient 

 Gades (Cadiz) and Carthage were Tyrian colonies. 

 Syria and Phoanicia had been some time under the 

 power of Alexander the Great, when he made pre- 

 parations for the conquest of this place. Built on 

 an island, it was separated from the continent by 

 an arm of the sea half a mile in breadth. The 

 conqueror made several unsuccessful attempts to 

 take it; but he at length formed a project to fill 

 up the strait, and unite the island to the continent. 

 The city was taken in the seventh month after it 

 had been besieged. The Scriptures reckon among 

 the number of the illustrious men of Tyre, king 

 Hiram, the friend of David and Solomon. Two 

 councils were held at Tyre ; the first in 335, when 

 Athanasius was stripped of his bishopric and 

 banished from Alexandria, and the other in 448, 

 the result of which was to absolve bishop Ibas, ac- 

 cused of supporting the errors of Nestorius. Tyre 

 was the seat of an archbishop, subject to the pa- 

 triarch of Antioch, and had fourteen suffragans 

 dependent on it. Relics of the splendour of the 

 ancient city are every where to be seen, as numer- 

 ous and beautiful columns stretched along the 

 beach, ruins of an aqueduct, &c. 



TYRE, JEv.\ OF. See Epoch. 



TYROL, OR TIROL ; a province of the Aus- 

 trian empire, bordering on Bavaria, Austria, Illy- 

 ria. the Lombardo-Venetian kingdom, Switzerland, 

 and lake Constance, comprising a superficial area of 

 1650 square miles, and a population of 774,457 

 souls. Of all the countries in Europe, Tyrol is the 

 most exclusively mountainous. The Tyrolese Alps 

 extend through the country. Some of the most 

 remarkable summits are Ortler, Glockner and Bren- 

 ner. (See Alps.) Tyrol resembles Switzerland : 

 the valleys and lakes are less extensive, the cas- 

 cades less numerous ; but there is the same sublime 

 scenery, similar lofty and perpendicular mountains, 

 covered with perpetual snow and ice ; the same 

 contrast of the beautiful and terrific, of vineyards 

 and wastes, of uninhabited summits, and populous 

 valleys. No country contains a more romantic 

 toad than that over mount Brenner, along the 

 Adige. (See Alps, Roads ocer.) The climate, in 



consequence of the height of the mountains, is cold. 

 Among the productions are corn, wine, silk, hniip, 

 flax and tobacco. The quantity of corn is not 

 sufficient for the inhabitants. In many parts the 

 raising of cattle is the principal employment. Al- 

 most all kinds of minerals have been found ; but 

 the only mines that have been worked to advantiip- 

 are those of salt, iron, copper and calamine. Thnv 

 are no less than sixty mineral springs in the coun- 

 try. The Lech, Etsch, Isar, Drave and Bmita 

 rise in Tyrol. The Inn, which rises in Switzer- 

 land, traverses it. The Rhine only touches its 

 borders. Lakes Constance and Garda are also on 

 its frontiers. The manufactures of silk and of 

 metallic wares are the most important : cotton and 

 linen goods are also manufactured. The position 

 of Tyrol between Germany and Italy, and the faci- 

 lities for passing over the Alps by good roads, ren- 

 der it the theatre of considerable transit trade. 

 The Tyrolese wander all over Europe, and are 

 even seen in America, peddling small wares ; but 

 they always return to spend their savings at home. 

 The number which leave the country annually in 

 this way is estimated at 30,000 or 40,000. 



Tyrol is divided into two unequal parts, the 

 German Tyrol, which leans on Bavaria and Austria, 

 and the Italian Tyrol, which slopes down to the 

 lakes and the fertile plains of Lombardy. Drawing 

 a line across the country from east to west, leaving 

 Botzen to the north, all the territory lying north- 

 ward of this line will be the German Tyrol, and all 

 south of it the Italian Tyrol. The German por- 

 tion is the larger by nearly one-third, but the Ita- 

 lian is, in proportion to its extent, much more 

 populous, and abounding in larger and better-built 

 towns and villages. The character, habits, and ap- 

 pearance of the people in the two divisions differ 

 very widely. The inhabitants of the German 

 Tyrol are passionately fond of liberty, and retair. 

 unalloyed much of the sturdiness, frankness, and 

 simplicity of the old Germanic race. They are 

 nearly all proprietors, and cultivate their own lands, 

 and have thus a feeling of independence superior 

 to what the mere hired labourer can experience. 

 They preserve a national dress, primitive usages, 

 and early hours. The inhabitants of the Lower or 

 Italian Tyrol, on the other hand, are more patient 

 of the Austrian yoke that weighs on the whole 

 country; they for the most part cultivate the lands 

 of others, and have been far less retentive of an- 

 cient manners and usages. Luxurious habits, late 

 hours, &c., have crept into the larger of their towns ; 

 and their character in general has more of the sup- 

 pleness and complaisance of the Italians than of 

 the sturdiness and roughness of the Germans. A 

 very considerable portion of the judges, commis- 

 saries of police, and civil employes of the Emperor 

 of Austria, in Milan, and the other Veneto Lom- 

 bard cities, are natives of Lower Tyrol, and dis- 

 tinguished by their unscrupulousness and subservi- 

 ency to their employer. 



The valley of the river Inn, which runs through 

 the whole northern portion of the country, may be 

 called the principal part of Upper or German Tyrol. 

 It is entirely shut out from the Lower or Italian 

 Tyrol by a lofty chain of mountains, the only road 

 over which is by Mount Brenner, at an elevation 

 of 6000 feet above the level of the sea. This val- 

 ley of the Inn, counting its twistings and turnings, 

 is nearly a hundred miles long, but its greatest 

 breadth is not much above eight miles, while in 

 many parts, and for considerable distances, it is not 



