712 



TZSCH1RNER UBIQUITY. 



lithed in the Transactions of the Royal Society of 

 Edinburgh, vol. viii. 



TZSCHIRNER, HENRY THEOPHILUS, doctor 

 of theology, pastor in Leipsic, and professor in the 

 university of that city, was horn in 1778, at Mit- 

 \\viila, in the kingdom of Saxony. In 1796, he 

 entered the university of Leipsic. In 1800, he re- 

 ceived permission to lecture in Wittemberg ; but, 

 in 1801, the circumstances of his family obliged 

 him to undertake the duties of the clerical office. 

 He continued his studies, however, uninterrupted- 

 ly, and, in 1805, published the first part of a His- 

 tory of Christian Apologetics, with a preface by 

 Reinhard; but he never continued the work, hav- 

 ing become quite dissatisfied with the plan of it. 

 In the same year, he was appointed professor ordi- 

 ntrius in Wittemberg. In 1809, he received a 

 chair at Leipsic, where he showed himself a " ra- 

 tional supernaturalist," adhering to principles which 

 he subsequently developed in his Letters on Rein- 

 hard's Confessions (Leipsic, 1811), as Reinhard 

 had maintained that the entire separation ot ra- 

 tionalism from supernaturalism was indispensable. 

 In 1514, he accompanied the Saxon troops, under 

 the grand duke of Weimar, as chaplain. After his 

 return from the war, he published the results of his 



experience in his work On War (Leipic, 1815). 

 In 1815, the corporation of Leipsic appointed him 

 a minister in the city. In 1821, he published hia 

 Explanation of Haller's Secession, and, in 1822, 

 Catholicism and Protestantism in a political Point 

 of View, which, in a short time, went through 

 three editions, and was translated into Engli.-ii, 

 French and Dutch. Both these work 

 casioned by Louis von Haller's becoming a Catho- 

 lic. (See Haller.) Soon after, he manifest n! 

 much interest in the Greek revolution, and, some- 

 what later, published his Danger of a German Re- 

 volution (2d ed., 1823), and System of Reaction 

 (1824). In 1822, he undertook the editorship of the 

 Magazine for Ministers. In several works, he attack- 

 ed the arrogance of Catholicism and the mysticism of 

 Protestants. He also wrote a series of Letters of 

 a German to French Scholars (Chateaubriand, De 

 la Mennais, Montlosier, Constant).* His last 

 work was, How did it happen that France remained 

 Catholic? in Pblitz's Annals of History and Poli- 

 tics. He died suddenly, in 1828, having many 

 works in contemplation ; among others, a History 

 of the Church in his time. Tzschirner was enthu- 

 siastically beloved by his fellow-citizens, and much 

 respected, even by the Catholics. 



u 



U ; the twenty-first letter in the English alphabet ; 

 a vowel which is pronounced, in most languages, 

 somexvhat like o. But the mouth is less pointed, 

 and the opening of the lips, therefore, less round, 

 but closer, in pronouncing the former vowel. The 

 sound which we refer to is that of the Italian or 

 German /, corresponding to the English oo, as in 

 tooth, or u in brute. The character u, in English, 

 like the other vowel characters in this language, 

 represents various sounds, as in the words tube, tub, 

 bull. The pronunciation of u in the last-mentioned 

 word is the same sound short which we find long 

 in truth, rule and prudence. The German u is often 

 changed, by the rules of grammar and etymology, 



into ii, which corresponds to the French u, as in 

 plus. The Germans early adopted the alphabet of 

 the Romans, and, not finding there a character for 

 the French u, used the compound character ui for 

 this sound, being an intermediate sound between 

 (as in pin) and u (as in brute). Some, however, 



soon wrote it ue, which became changed into u and u, 



and these, in the current handwriting, into ii, as 

 the e, in the German current hand, may be easily 

 changed into two such dashes; but in German 

 printing, the sign put over the u, in such cases, is 

 still a small e. In printing with Latin characters, 



the Germans substitute for u ue, or 5. Uis so nearly 

 related. to o, that they often pass over into each other 

 in various dialects. (See our article O.) The Latins 

 called u a vowel, but said that it often had the power 

 of a consonant, which we now designate by v ; and it 

 is true that u, before some vowels, cannot well be 



pronounced without partaking much of the nature 

 of a consonant, as in uaco, uelox, silua, now written 

 vaco, velox, silva. The primitive sound of u in these 

 cases, however, does not resemble the present 

 sound of v, but that of the English w, which cor- 

 responds to oo before a vowel, and therefore to the 

 wf of many modern nations, the Germans, Italians, 

 Spanish, &c. The sound which v has now ac- 

 quired is so different from the sound of u, that 

 there seems to be no propriety in mingling the let- 

 ters in dictionaries and encyclopedias. As the an- 

 cient Roman abbreviations were made with capital 

 letters, and the character v was used for the capital 

 form of both u and v, none of their abbreviations 

 belong to this place. U. S. is the abbreviation of 

 United States. See, also, the vulgarism U. S., 

 mentioned in the article John Bull. 



UBES, ST. See Setubal. 



UBIQUITY ; a word made in the fashion of the 

 Latin of the scholastic philosophy, to signify uni- 

 versal presence. Luther gave the name of ubiquity 

 to that quality of the body of Christ by which it is 

 present every where in the bread of the Lord's sup- 

 per. The term had already become disagreeable, 

 in consequence of the heat of the first disputes 

 respecting the Lord's supper, when the Lutheran 



* Edited by Krug, though unfinished. The game was the 

 case with his intended Fall of Paganism, edited by Niedner, 

 which would have been probably his largest work. 



t The resemblance in sound between tr and the German u 

 appears from the circumstance that, in dictionaries Intended to 

 teach Germans the pronounciation of English words, u is writ- 

 ton for w; for example, the Enirlish vane is written tint. In 

 French, our > is expressed also by ou; thns Wi-llington ii 

 pronounced Ouellinglonne. 



