UGOLINO ULLOA. 



713 



ministers at Bremen applied it, in 155G, in a sense 

 still more opposed to reason in their controversies 

 with the Calvinists ; and at Wurtemberg, in the 

 creed drawn up in 1559, by John Brenze, it was 

 made a fundamental point of the orthodoxy of the 

 church in that country. As the Calvinists ac- 

 knowledged a real presence of the body of Christ 

 in the Lord's supper, though only perceptible by 

 faith, these Lutherans, in order to make a marked 

 distinction between themselves and their opponents, 

 started the doctrine of the real mutual communica- 

 tion of the qualities of both natures in Christ (com- 

 municutio idiomatum), and strove to prove by it that 

 the body of Christ is necessarily present in, with 

 and under the bread in the Lord's supper every 

 where, without reference to the faith of the com- 

 municants. As this notion drew upon them the 

 names of Ubiquists and Ubiquitists, and was ex- 

 posed to the reproach of similarity with the Catho- 

 lic doctrine of transubstantiation, the authors of the 

 formula of Concord, called the Book of Berg, de- 

 clared explicitly that the ubiquity of Christ's body 

 does not take place in a material way. In 1610, a 

 new dispute arose respecting this ubiquity between 

 the theologians of Tubingen, who zealously ad- 

 hered to it, and the theologians of Giessen ; but 

 the interest in this question ceased with the ad- 

 vance of theological science. The German Lu- 

 therans and Calvinists now generally agree that 

 Christ is present in the Lord's supper to those who 

 receive it with a proper spirit, but that it must, 

 and safely may be, left to each individual to decide 

 (or to leave undecided) in what way this presence, 

 and the union of his body with the bread (unio sa- 

 cramentalis) takes place, or is to be imagined. 

 UGOLINO. See Pisa. 

 UGUALE, in Italian music ; equal. 

 UHL AND, JOHN Louis, a distinguished German 

 poet, was born in 1787, at Tubingen, where he 

 studied law from 1805 to 1808. In 1810, he went 

 to Paris, where he devoted himself principally to 

 the manuscripts of the middle ages. He published, 

 at a later period, translations of early French poems. 

 His earliest published poems were written in 1804. 

 He gave to the world a collection of his poems in 

 1814 (3d edition, 1826). In 1812, he was a prac- 

 tising lawyer in Stuttgard. In 1815, when a great 

 political excitement existed throughout Wurtem- 

 berg, Uhlarid's patriotic songs became very popular, 

 and contributed not a little to strengthen the patrio- 

 tic spirit. In 1809, he was elected a representative 

 of Tubingen. Uhland is undoubtedly one of the 

 best lyric poets of Germany. There is a truth, a 

 warmth, an intensity of feeling, in his poems, which 

 stir the heart. His patriotic songs are often noble, 

 but would have a far more elevated character if 

 the state of his country was such that, instead of 

 being the poet of Wiirtembnrg, he could be the 

 poet of Germany. His dramatic works Duke 

 Ernest of Suabia (Heidelberg, 1817) and Louis of 

 Bavaria (Berlin, 1819) are less distinguished. 

 UIG. See Lewis. 

 UIST, NORTH AND SOUTH, two islands of 

 the Hebrides. See Hebrides. 



UKASE (Russian) signifies an ordinance of 

 the government of the Russian empire. See Rus- 

 sia. 



UKRAINE (the frontier ; from the Teutonic 

 word Uker) : an extensive country in the south- 

 east part of Russian Poland, now forming the Rus- 

 sian governments of Kiev, Podolia, Charkow and 

 I'oltava ; lying between lat. 48 and 52" N. It is 



watered by the Dnieper, which intersects it in a 

 winding course from north to south. The chief 

 town of Ukraine is Kiev: the chief outlet for its 

 exports is Odessa. The surface is generally level ; 

 and it is one of the most fertile parts of Europe. 

 The heat of summer and cold of winter are intense 

 n this region. 



ULANS; a species of light cavalry, of Tartar 

 origin. From the Tartars it was introduced into 

 Poland. The Austrians adopted it next; the Prus- 

 sians, in the seven years' war ; and, at the present 

 day, almost all armies have some of this cavalry, 

 whose chief weapon is a lance, generally, or always, 

 provided with a little flag, in order to frighten the 

 lorses of the enemy. They are always light troops, 

 and are particularly useful in taking squares. See 

 Lance, and Cavalry. 



ULEMA is the collective name for the Turkish 

 urists, considered, at the same time, as priests ; 

 For the law of the Turks comes from Mohammed, 

 as well as their religion ; and the Koran is their 

 code. The chief of the ulema is the mufti, (q. v.) 

 After him follow the cadileskiers, of whom there 

 are three, one in Europe, one in Asia, and one in 

 Egypt. They have a vote in the divan, and appoint 

 all the cadis in their district. No one can become 

 a mufti who has not been a cadileskier. The third 

 class of the ulema consists of the mollahs (q. v.), 

 who are the superior judges in the provinces. After 

 them follow the cadis, who every where decide in 

 the first instance. 



ULFILAS, ULPHILAS, OR WULFILAS, was 

 born in Cappadocia, and, from 360 to 380, was 

 bishop of the Christian Goths in Dacia and Moesia 

 (the Mceso-Goths, so called), with whom he had a 

 very great influence. He induced them to adopt 

 the Arian doctrine. He was learned for his age, 

 and was sent several times as ambassador to the 

 court of Constantinople. The invention of Gothic 

 letters is generally ascribed to him ; but probably 

 the Gothic written character only became more 

 common through his means. He translated the 

 Bible into the Mceso-Gothic dialect. Of this 

 remarkable translation, the most ancient monu- 

 ment of the German language, considerable frag- 

 ments have come down to us, particularly the 

 Gospels. The codex argenteus, so called, at Upsal, 

 contains the four Gospels, and a manuscript in 

 Wolfenbiittel contains fragments of the Epistle to 

 the Romans (best edition by Zahn and Fulda, 

 Weissenfels, 1805, 4to.). The zealous scholar 

 Angelo Maio has discovered in the library at Milan 

 manuscripts of Ulfilas, from which the breaks in his 

 translation may be supplied. 



ULLAGE of a cask, in gauging, is what it wants 

 of being full. 



ULLOA, DON ANTONIO DI ; a celebrated Spanish 

 mathematician, born at Seville, in 1716, and brought 

 up in the royal marines, in which he obtained the 

 rank of Jieutenant-general. Having distinguished 

 himself as an engineer and man of science, he was, 

 in 1735, joined in a commission with don George 

 Juan and others, to measure a degree of the meri- 

 dian in Peru. He remained nearly ten years in 

 South America on this occasion, and, on his return 

 to Europe, in 1745, was intercepted, and carried 

 into an English port. Here his talents and charac- 

 ter recommended him to Folkes, president of the 

 royal society, of which he was elected a member in 

 the same year. On his return to Spain, he pub- 

 lished his voyage to South America (Relacion his- 

 torica del Viaye a la America Meridional, Madrid, 



