ILM ULTRAMARINE. 



1748), which was toon translated into German, ! 

 French and English; but the latter version (1758, 

 2 vols., 8vo.) is inaccurate. He was afterwards 

 appointed by Ferdinand 111. to travel over Europe, 

 to collect information in regard to improvements in 

 the arts, sciences and agriculture. He promoted 

 the royal woollen manufactories, newly organized 

 the colleges of history and surgery, superintended 

 and completed the basins at Ferrol and Carthugena, 

 a:u! gave new activity to the quicksilver mines of 

 Almadan. In 1766, he was made governor of 

 Louisiana, which had been ceded to Spain. In 

 177'-, he published Noticias Americanos sobre la 

 America Meridional, y la Septentrional-Oriental, 

 containing disquisitions upon the peopling of Ameri- 

 ca. The Noticias seer etas di America, first pub- 

 lished in 1826 (London, folio), consist of the con- 

 fidential reports of Juan and Ulloa to the Spanish 

 ministry, which had been suppressed as discredit- 

 able to the country. Ulloa died in 1795. He must 

 not be confounded with don Bernard, a near rela- 

 tion, who published, in 1740. a work On the Re- 

 vival of the Manufactures and Commerce of Spain. 



ULM, on the left bank of the Danube, at the 

 confluence of that river with the Iller and Blau, 

 was formerly a free imperial city, in 1803 was at- 

 tached to Bavaria, and. in 1810, to Wiirtemberg. 

 It has 11,888 inhabitants. The Danube at this 

 place is 200 feet wide. Its situation, in a military 

 point of view, is highly important ; and it would be | 

 so likewise in a commercial point of view, were it \ 

 not for the ruinous systems of imposts which clog 

 the wheels of trade throughout Germany. The j 

 cathedral is celebrated, and, though the steeple is 

 unfinished, is one of the finest specimens of Gothic 

 architecture. It was begun in the fourteenth cen- 

 tury. The foundation was laid in 1377, and the 

 church was completed, as far as it went, in 111 

 years. It is 152 feet high, and the unfinished 

 steeple 337 feet high. The city capitulated to 

 Napoleon October 17, 1805, and general Mack, 

 with 24,000 men, became prisoners of war. It has 

 been repeatedly contemplated to make Ulm a for- 

 tress of the Germanic confederacy, as Mayence is. 

 There is much manufacturing industry in this place. 



ULMIN ; a very peculiar substance, which ex- 

 udes from the trunk of a species of elm, the ulmus 

 nigra. It differs essentially from every other 

 known body, and must therefore be regarded as a 

 new vegetable principle. In its external appearance, 

 it resembles gum. It is solid, hard, of a black co- 

 lour, and possesses considerable lustre. Its powder 

 is brown. It dissolves readily in the mouth, and 

 is insipid to the taste. It is completely insoluble 

 both in alcohol and ether. M. Doliereiner says, 

 that gallic acid is convertible into ulmin, by com- 

 bining the acid with ammonia, and exposing the 

 compound to oxvgen. 



ULPHILAS.' See Ulfilus. 



ULPIANUS, DOMITIUS ; an eminent lawyer, the 

 tutor, friend, and minister of the emperor Alexander 

 Severus. When Alexander became emperor, one of 

 his first acts was to recall Ulpian, who had been 

 exiled by Heliogabalus, and to place him at the 

 head of his council of state. He was also made 

 secretary of state, and ultimately pretorian prefect. 

 He lived in great repute for his wise and virtuous ad- 

 ministration, until the emperor, probably at his sug- 

 gestion, undertook the dangerous task of reforming 

 the army. The discontent of the soldiery broke out 

 mtoamutiny, and Ulpian, pursued by a body of them, 

 was massacred in the presence of the emperor and 



his mother, in the year 228. I'lpiaii has obtained 

 the praise of all the heathens; but the Christians 

 accuse him of a determined enmity to them, whith 

 he carried so far as to collect all the edicts and de- 

 crees of the preceding sovereigns ugainst them. 

 There are remaining of Ulpian twenty-Miic titles 

 or fragments, which are inserted in some of the edi- 

 tions of the civil law. 



ULSTER ; the most northerly of the four pro- 

 vinces of Ireland, is bounded on the west and noith 

 by the Atlantic ocean; on the south by the pro- 

 vinces of Connaught and Leinster ; and on the east 

 by the north channel of the Irish sea. It extends 

 from east to west about 124 miles, and from north 

 to south about 86. Its civil division comprehends 

 the counties of Antrim, Armagh, Cavan, Donegal, 

 Down, Fermanagh, Londonderry, Moiiaglian, and 

 Tyrone, besides the county of the town of Carrick- 

 fergus. The sea shore is indented by some noble 

 harbours; the most frequented are Loughs Strang- 

 ford, Carrickfergus, or Belfast, Larne, Fovle, S willy, 

 and the bay of Donegal. The Bann, Foyle, Black- 

 water, and Erne, are the chief rivers ; the principal 

 lakes are loughs Erne and Neagh, both resembling 

 inland seas. Ulster can boast of a better instructed 

 and more comfortably situated population than any 

 province of Ireland. The presbyterian form of wor- 

 ship, introduced by Scottish settlers in the reign of 

 James I., is the prevailing one. The linen manu- 

 facture, the staple of the country, has here its chief 

 seat, and is carried on in almost every village. See 

 the article Ireland. 



ULTIMATUM (fiom ultimas, last), in modern 

 diplomacy ; the final conditions offered for the set- 

 tlement of a dispute between two governments. 

 Ultimatums are often as numerous as the last ap. 

 pearance of a distinguished actor ; as, for instance, 

 the long series of Russian ultimatums delivered to 

 the Porte before the last war between Russia and 

 Turkey. 



ULTRA ; a prefix in modern politics, to denote 

 those members of a party who carry their notions to 

 excess. In 1793, those persons were called ultra- 

 revolutionists who demanded much more than the 

 constitution then adopted allowed. When the 

 Bourbons returned to France in 1815, the words 

 ultra-royalists and ultra-liberals were much used 

 and have become common, wherever political par- 

 ties are allowed to exist. 



ULTRAMARINE ; a beautiful and unchange- 

 able blue pigment, which was originally obtained 

 only from the rare mineral lapis-lazuli, but which, 

 has of late been manufactured artificially. The 

 method of preparing the ultramarine from lapis-la- 

 zuli is as follows: The mineral is made red hot, 

 and thrown into water, to render it easily pulver- 

 izable. It is then reduced to a fine powder, and 

 intimately combined with a varnish, formed of resin, 

 wax, and boiled linseed oil. This pasty mixture is 

 put into a linen cloth, and repeatedly kneaded 

 with hot water ; the first water, which is usually 

 dirty, is thrown away ; the second gives a blue of 

 the first quality, and the third yields one of less 

 value. The process is founded on the property 

 which the colouring matter of lapis-lazuli has of ad- 

 hering less firmly to the resinous cement than the 

 foreign matter with which it is associated. The 

 artificial ultramarine was discovered by M. Guimet 

 a French chemist. He was led to the discovery by 

 accidentally noticing a fine blue colour upon the 

 hearth of one of his furnaces, which colour appeared 

 to be identical with that of the ultramarine. The 



