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VTAWAS UTILITARIANS. 



It makes the prodigal more extravagant, the rash 

 more undi'tinguishing, the poor more servile and 

 dependent, the rich more irresolute or avaricious, 

 the weak a more easy prey to the crafty, the busy and 

 enterprising more timid or more speculative, and thus 

 introduces into social life many perturbations which 

 cannot be calculated, and many immoral practices 

 which silently impair, or openly sap, the founda- 

 tions of virtue. 



UTAWAS, OR OUTAWAS; a river which 

 forms the boundary between Upper and Lower 

 Canada, and flows south-east into the St Lawrence, 

 just above Montreal. It is sometimes called Mon- 

 treal river. Its course is considerably interrupted 

 by falls and rapids ; yet the fur traders contrive to 

 pass these without damage in their loaded canoes. 

 Its navigation will doubtless be greatly improved 

 by canals. 



UTERINE (from uterus, womb) is used to de- 

 note the relation of children who have the same 

 mother, but different fathers. 



UTERUS (the womb); the organ in which the 

 embryo is received from the ovary, to which it be- 

 comes adherent, so as to receive the materials of its 

 growth, and in which it is retained for a longer or 

 shorter time in various species until its expulsion 

 in the process of parturition. A proper uterus be- 

 longs only to the mammalia ; oviparous generation 

 under various modifications is found in the other 

 classes ; and the female organ is therefore reduced 

 to a mere canal (oviduct) for the transmission of 

 the ova. In the human female, the uterus is a 

 spongy receptacle, resembling a compressed pear, 

 situated in the cavity of the pelvis, above the 

 vagina, and between the urinary bladder and rectum. 

 Its form resembles that of an oblong pear flattened, 

 with the depressed sides placed towards the ossa 

 pubis and sacrum ; but in the impregnated state, it 

 becomes more oval, according to the degree of its 

 distention. For the convenience of description, 

 and for some practical purposes, the uterus is dis- 

 tinguished into three parts the upper part, called 

 the fundus ; the lower, the cervix ; the space be- 

 tween them, the body. The uterus is about three 

 inches in length, about two in breadth at the fun- 

 dus, and one at the cervix. Its thickness is differ- 

 ent at the fundus and cervix, being at the former 

 usually rather less than half an inch, and at the 

 latter somewhat more ; and this thickness is pre- 

 served throughout pregnancy, chiefly by the enlarge- 

 ment of the veins and lymphatics, there being a 

 smaller change in the size of the arteries. But 

 there is so great a variety in size and dimensions of 

 the uterus in different women, independent of the 

 states of virginity, marriage or pregnancy, as to 

 prevent any very accurate mensuration. The in- 

 ternal surface of the uterus is corrugated in a 

 beautiful manner, but the rugae, or wrinkles, which 

 are longitudinal, lessen as they advance into the 

 uterus, the fundus of which is smooth. In the in- 

 tervals between the rugae are small orifices, like 

 those in the vagina, which discharge a mucus, serv- 

 ing, besides other purposes, that of closing the os 

 uteri very curiously and perfectly during pregnancy. 

 The substance of the uterus, which is very firm, is 

 composed of arteries, veins, lymphatics, nerves, and 

 muscular fibres, curiously interwoven and connected 

 together by cellular membrane. The use of the 

 womb is for menstruation, conception, nutrition of 

 the foetus, and parturition. It is liable to many 

 diseases, the principal of which are retroversion 

 and falling down, hydatids, dropsy of the uterus, 



moles, polypes, ulceration, cancer, &c. See La* 

 liour. 



UTICA; in antiquity, a celebrated city estab- 

 lished very early by the Phoenicians, on the north- 

 ern coast of Africa. It was independent of Carth- 

 age, yet in alliance with that city. It was cele- 

 brated for the suicide of the younger Cato (q. v.), 

 who is called, on that account, Uticensis. After 

 the destruction of Carthage, it became the capital 

 of the province. According to Strabo, it was situ- 

 ated on the same gulf with Carthage. Augu.-tni 

 granted the title of Roman citizens to its inhabi- 

 tants. On its site are found old walls, a very 

 aqueduct, cisterns, and vestiges of other edi; 

 which announce a large and magnificent city. The 

 name of the modern town is Booshatter. This, by 

 the accumulation of mud brought down by the 

 river Bagada, is now about seven miles from the 

 sea. 



UTICA. The city of Utica, in the state of New 

 York, stands on the south side of the river Mohawk, 

 in lat. 43 6' N.,and Ion. 74 13' W. It is situated 

 in the north-eastern part of the valley which is made 

 by the river Mohawk, the Ouskany and the Sadagh- 

 queda or Saquoit {saw-quay creeks. These creeks 

 furnish canal basins and water for many useful 

 branches of manufactures and machinery. The 

 Erie canal passes through the city, running parallel 

 to the river. Utica is nearly the geographical cen- 

 tre of the state of New York. In 1794, the place 

 contained nineteen families ; in 1840, the return 

 from the census was 12,782. Its present population 

 is estimated at above 15,000. The city charter 

 was grantedbythe legislature of the state, February, 

 1832. The charter is remarkable for being the first 

 ever granted in the state in which the licensing of 

 shops for retailing ardent spirit is expressly prohi- 

 bited. The manufacturing district, or the beautiful 

 valley of the Sadagbqueda, includes a territory of 

 ten miles square, having Utica in the north-east 

 corner, and the river Mohawk for its northerly line. 

 Here, on the stream from which the valley takes 

 its name, are a number of cotton factories. Con- 

 nected with these factories are various saw-mills, 

 grain-mills, paper-mills, &c. This small territory 

 has a population of more than 30,000, inhabiting 

 six or seven villages, supporting one college, four 

 chartered academies, six select seminaries of educa- 

 tion, and upwards of one hundred common schools, 

 with a proportionate number of churches, religious 

 congregations and charitable societies. The climate 

 is considered salubrious. 



UTILITARIANS ; a name given particularly 

 to the school of Jeremy Bentham, the advocates of 

 " the greatest happiness principle," who test the 

 value of all institutions and pursuits by the princi- 

 ple of utility, that is, the promotion of the greatest 

 happiness of the greatest number. The estimation 

 to be formed of this doctrine must obviously depend 

 upon the idea which is attached to happiness. If 

 by this be understood physical enjoyment chiefly, 

 the principle is certainly low and narrow ; for, al- 

 though the physical comforts of a people are inti- 

 mately connected with their moral and intellectual 

 well-being, and their progress in religion and vir- 

 tue, in the sciences and the arts, will depend greatly 

 on the fact of the mass of the people having a full 

 supply of nutritive food, or being pinched for the 

 necessaries of life ; yet we must reflect that, if 

 man's true welfare consists in the highest improve- 

 ment of his nature, the greatest good is often found, 

 not in physical gratification, nor in any form ol what 



