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VIENNA (CONGRESS OF). 



neries. The increase of Vienna appears from the 

 circumstance, that, in 1766, the suburbs contained 

 3190 houses; at present they contain 6200. The 

 imperial stable, for 400 horses; the Belvedere, 

 formerly the favourite residence of Eugene (q. v.) 

 of Savoy, and which, since 1776, has contained the 

 imperial gallery of paintings; the hospital of inva- 

 lids, for 800 men ; the general hospital, and the 

 barracks, are editices of vast dimensions. Vienna 

 has 310,000 inhabitants, besides the garrison and 

 foreign residents. In 1815, the number was 239,373. 

 The annual mortality is about one in twenty-six. 

 The high and low nobility form a great contrast. 

 The Germans are the predominating race. Besides 

 these, there are Greeks, Italians, Poles, Servians, 

 Hungarians, Turks, &c. The amount of provisions 

 consumed is very great, comprising, in one year, 

 above 82,500 oxen, 67,000 calves, 120,000 lambs, 

 and 71,500 pigs. The reputation of Vienna for 

 cheapness of living decreases every year. There 

 are 10,000 Protestants, who, though their religion 

 is tolerated, are under some civil disadvantages. 

 Vienna carries on an important commerce, for 

 which the Danube offers great opportunity. About 

 7000 transport boats annually enter the harbour. 

 The manufactures are important, and give employ- 

 ment to about 60,000 persons, in a great variety of 

 ways. The imperial porcelain manufactory, founded 

 in 1718, employs about 500 persons. The coaches 

 and piano-fortes of Vienna are famous all over the 

 continent. The university of Vienna was founded 

 in 1437. In 1756, it was taken from the Jesuits, 

 and received from Van Swieton, the body physician 

 of Maria Theresa, an entirely new organization. 

 The new university has an anatomical theatre, an 

 observatory, library, botanical garden, &c. The 

 Joseph medico-surgical academy and the veterinary 

 school deserve honourable mention. Vienna has 

 long been famous for the study of medicine, for 

 which the general hospital offers great advantages. 

 16,000 patients are annually provided for, in 2000 

 beds ; but the medical schools in some other places, 

 as in Berlin, in which a much more scientific spirit 

 exists than is to be found in Austria, are beginning 

 to take the lead of the medical institution of 

 Vienna. The academy of Oriental languages has 

 produced several distinguished diplomatists and 

 scholars. There are three gymnasia, and a poly- 

 technic institute here. In 1821, a Protestant in- 

 stitution was established for the education of young 

 Protestants, as the subjects of Austria have been 

 prohibited to study in foreign universities ; but the 

 institution is of a low order. No city has so many 

 public and private libraries, museums, cabinets, 

 galleries, collections, &c. The imperial court li- 

 brary, with a room 240 feet long, ornamented with 

 excellent pictures, and founded by Maximilian I., 

 in 1500, is very extensive, and contains among its 

 treasures several thousand manuscripts and incuna- 

 bula (q. v.), a rich collection of engravings, &c. 

 The whole number of volumes, according to the 

 common statement, is 300,000 ; but the real number 

 is much less. 15,000 guilders are annually appro- 

 priated to it. The other most important libraries 

 are given thus in Malchus's Statistik (1826): li- 

 brary of the university, 109,000 volumes; of 

 the Theresianum, 30,000 volumes ; of the medico- 

 surgical academy, 45,000 volumes ; Convictorium 

 of Lowenberg, 50,000; private library of the em- 

 peror, 60,000 volumes ; private library of arch- 

 duke Charles, 60,000 volumes. The imperial min- 

 eralogical collection and the zoologico-botanical 



museum, uro important. The botanical garden is 

 very flourishing. The late Francis 1. w us fund of 

 botany. The imperial museum of antiquities pos- 

 sesses but few works of great value. The musi-ma 

 of coins is one of the most famous in Europe, and 

 contains 28,000 gold and silver pieces from the 

 time of Charlemagne, besides many of earlier d;it<-. 

 The academy of fine arts was founded in 1704. In 

 the imperial gallery are chiefly old German and 

 Italian pictures ; also many Titians, Vandycks, 

 Rubenses, &c. The most important pictures have 

 been engraved. The collection in the court library 

 contains about 300,000 wood cuts and engravings, 

 in 800 volumes. Many noblemen have galleries of 

 pictures. Music and the theatre receive great at- 

 tention. Mozart, Haydn, Beethoven, lived in Vi- 

 enna. The conservatory, in which fifteen profes- 

 sors instruct 100 pupils in music, is probably equal 

 at present to that of Paris. Among the five 

 theatres, several have actors of great talent. The 

 Italian opera is famous. The popular theatre in 

 the Leopoldstadt is peculiar. Dancing, both on 

 and off the stage, is very much cultivated ; and, in 

 general, the inhabitants of Vienna are devoted to 

 pleasure ; those of the table being put by no means 

 in the back ground. An establishment for the re- 

 lief of the poor gives, to about 5000 poor, four to 

 twelve kreutzers daily. There is a lying-in-hospital ; 

 and mothers can send their babes from this to the 

 foundling hospital. The deaf and dumb, the blind, 

 poor, sick children and orphans are provided for. 

 Many baths and mineral springs are to be found in 

 the environs. There is a fine swimming school, 

 several military schools, and a garrison, generally 

 12,000 strong. The most agreeable and most fre- 

 quented place of recreation is the well-knowr 

 Prater, near the Leopoldstadt. It is a wood, with 

 beautiful views of the neighbouring mountains, 

 many restaurateurs, and spectacles of various sorts, 

 &c. Persons of all classes are seen here the em- 

 peror and the meanest of his subjects. The train 

 of carriages is often immense, and unequalled by 

 any thing similar in any other place. Not far from 

 the Prater is Augarten, which was opened to the 

 public by Joseph II. Schonbrunn, an imperial 

 pleasure palace, near Vienna, is beautifully situated. 

 Laxenburg is the favourite resort of the emperor. 

 The environs contain several pleasant villages; for 

 instance, Baden, a watering place. See Pezzl's 

 Description of Vienna ; Vienna, its History and 

 Curiosities, with engravings, an annual periodical 

 begun in 1827, by Hormayr and several other scho- 

 lars ; Vienna as it is (Leipsic, 1827). 



Congress of Vienna; a meeting of the European 

 powers, from November 1, 1814, to June 10, 1815, 

 to settle the state of affairs after the overthrow of 

 Napoleon. The emperors of Austria and Russia, 

 the kings of Prussia, Denmark, Bavaria, Wiirtem- 

 berg, many grand dukes, sovereign dukes, &c., 

 were personally present, as well as many of the 

 first European politicians and ministers. The papal 

 government was represented by cardinal Consalvi ; 

 the Austrian by prince Metternich and baron Wes- 

 senberg ; the Russian by prince Rasumowski, counts 

 Stackelberg and Nesselrode ; the government of 

 Great Britain, by lord Castlereagh, the duke of 

 Wellington, lords Cathcart, Clancarty, Stewart ; 

 the Prussian government by prince Hardenberg and 

 baron Humboldt ; France by prince Talleyrand, 

 duke Dalberg and others ; Bavaria by prince Wrede 

 and count Rechberg; Hanover by count Minister j 

 and ambassadors were present from Spain, Portugal, 



