78-t 



RUGBY RUSSIA. 



Miirhint! fi'i- Sftri'ii/ l-'iiit-rujits. Fig. -. is an 

 elevation with one of the driving pulleys, &c. for 

 the needles taken away, and fig. 3, is a plan of this 

 machine : when n part is seen in both figs., 

 the same letters point it out in the one as in the 

 other. The crane shown at A, draws the ropes to 

 he sewed forwards, hy the assistance of a set of 

 blocks and tackle, made fast on the different side 

 of the crane, from the sewing part of the machine. 

 n, is its driving pulley, which is worked by a belt 

 in the ordinary way. The crane part of the 

 machine is stopped or set in motion by a handle b, 

 which works the plate c, by means of the arrange- 

 ment of shafts, rods, and levers, shown in the figs. 

 A, pin upon the plate c, gears into a gab or snug 

 on a friction strap, screwed upon the arms of 

 the driving pulley; and this forms the connecting 

 and disconnecting parts of the clutch-box. The 

 crane is of the ordinary construction, and the teeth 

 upon its wheel d, and pinion e, are not shown. 

 The pulleys f,f, turn the spindles g,g, by means of 

 a feather which holds into a very long groove cut 

 into each spindle. The spindles g,g, are screwed, 

 and the screwed part of each works into a nut, 

 (made in two pieces, so that it may be tightened 

 up if it wears,) in order that when a spindle is 

 turned by means of its pulley, it will, by the fea- 

 thers sliding into the groove, work the needle on 

 end, as well as turn it round, h is a handle in 

 connection with a screw, which works a wedge in 

 such a way, as that it will raise or lower the under 

 plate which presses and guides the ropes to be 

 sewed. When a needle is set in motion, it should 

 pass through the ropes and come out again before 

 it stops; this is done by means of two bevel 

 wheels, upon each of the shafts which move the 

 pulleys that drive the pulleys /,/. Say that 

 these wheels run loose upon the shafts, with the 

 face of the one wheel opposite the face of the 

 other ; and that each has a friction-cone cast on it ; 

 then, if these wheels are kept always moving, by 

 means of a third bevel wheel which gears into each 

 pair, and if a double ended cone be coupled to its 

 shaft in such a manner as that it can be pushed 

 into the one or the other of the cones upon the 

 wheels; the shaft, and consequently the needles, 

 will be worked backwards or forwards, according 

 as the double cone is pressed into the cone of the 

 one bevel wheel or the other. A weight fastened 

 on to a lever, and working above a horizontal 

 rocking-shaft, is the simplest method of holding 

 the cones into gear ; and all the parts necessary 

 besides this, are required to shift the cones quickly 

 out of gear, when the needles come out; but when 

 a needle is as far into the ropes as it can get, then 

 the parts must be adapted to each other, so that 

 the double cone will be shifted from the cone on 

 the one wheel into that of the other. The bell- 

 crank levers t,t, worked in the manner shown in 

 fig. 3, are for the purpose of shifting the double- 

 cones. Each part on the outer ends of the spindles 

 g,y, for working the bell crank levers, is fitted, so 

 that the spindle may turn into it when it is carried 

 end ways with the spindle ; k, in the elevation, is 

 one of the rods which carry the motions of the 

 bell-crank levers to the double-cones.- 



RUGBY, (anciently Rocheberrie,') a small town 

 of England, in Warwickshire, situated on the south 

 aide of the river Avon, eighty-three miles N. W. 

 from London. There are no manufactures carried 

 on in the town, and the inhabitants of the vicinity 

 are chiefly engaged in agriculture. Population in 



1841, 4008. Rugby is only noted on account of 

 its free grammar school, an instil nl ion which owes 

 its foundation to Laurence SheriHe, a citizen of 

 London, in the early part of the reign of Elizabeth. 

 He was a native of Brownsover, a village in the 

 neighbouring parish of Clifton ; and lie endowed 

 the school with property in that parish, and \vith 

 about eight acres of land in London, called Con- 

 duit close, and now forming a part of Lamb's Con- 

 duit street and its vicinity. The metropolitan 

 portion of the endowment has increased in value 

 so wonderfully within the last half cent HIT, that 

 the revenues of the school have advanced during 

 that period from 1 16 a year to more than 5000. 

 The management of the institution is vested in 

 twelve trustees, and the school is under the direc- 

 tion of a head master, with six assistant classical 

 masters, a French teacher, a writing master, and a 

 drawing master. There are about forty boys on 

 the foundation ; and the number of those not on 

 the foundation is restricted to 260. Twenty-one 

 scholarships or exhibitions of 60 a year each, at 

 either Oxford or Cambridge, are open to the scho- 

 lars of this seminary; and there are likewise seve- 

 ral university fellowships, to which the master and 

 assistants are entitled on retiring from the school 

 after ten years' service. The buildings belonging 

 to this noble institution were re-erected in 1808, 

 forming a handsome gioup in the Tudor style of 

 architecture. 



RUNJEET SINGH. See Lahore. 



RUSSIA, (a.) The population of Russiu 

 amounted in 1836, to 61,000,000. Of this num- 

 ber, the peasantry amounted to about 45,000,000, 

 nearly one-half of whom " belonged" to the crown, 

 and the remainder to the nobles. The value of 

 an estate is estimated by the number of "souls," 

 that is, male peasants of all ages, which are upon 

 it. On the estate of count Cheremetief, the largest 

 landowner in Russia, the number of his "souls," 

 to use the ordinary phrase, amounts to 110,000. 

 In the interesting "Details of Russian Husbandry," 

 contained in a recent work on Russia, hy Mr Vi;n- 

 ables, and which was supplied to him by his rela- 

 tive M. de Sabouroff, in the government of Tarn- 

 bow, we learn that 200 souls are usually reckoned 

 to furnish eighty labourers, women and men, for 

 the wives toil as well as their husbands. These 

 work three days in the week for their master, who 

 gives up to them in return the half of his land. A 

 day's labour of a man includes that of his wife and 

 his horse when requisite; and a peasant cannot 

 change his employment nor move from home with- 

 out his master's leave. To a village containing 

 200 souls the proportion of productive land allot- 

 ted to the peasantry is about 2000 acres. A mar- 

 ried couple have usually two acres devoted to ;>. 

 regular corn crop, two to a spring crop, two are in 

 fallow, and they have generally an acre of meadow 

 and an acre of pasture land, with a bouse, out- 

 buildings, and garden. Instead of paying rent, 

 they cultivate an equal quantity of land on the 

 domain of their lord. 



During the long Russian winter there is little or 

 no demand for the labours of husbandry ; but as 

 labour of any kind, although in a great degree it 

 may be wasted or misdirected, brings nevertheless 

 some return to the landowner or peasant-owner, as 

 he may be called, he employs the serfs in his fac- 

 tory until the season for field labour aeain returns. 

 Mr Venables states that -'there are tew landed 

 proprietors who do not carry on a manufactory of 



